Church Proliferation in Nigeria Society - 4318 Words

International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 1 No. 15 [Special Issue – October 2011] ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF CHURCH PROLIFERATION: THE REDEEMED CHRISTIAN CHURCH OF GOD AS A CASE STUDY IBIYINKA OLUSOLA ADESANYA, PhD DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION UNIVERSITY OF ADO-EKITI ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE NIGERIA Abstract The environmental effects of proliferation of churches continued to be a major concern to all and particularly those in the mainstream of environmental protection. So disturbing has it become that analysts begin to think of the need for a legal framework to tackle the menace. This paper appraised the extent of proliferation of churches with particular reference to The Redeemed Christian Church†¦show more content†¦Dimensions of Church Proliferation in Nigeria To an observant mind, the pace at which churches are spreading like a wildfire in Nigeria is alarming. In the country, there is freedom of worship, places of worship are full, pilgrimages are over-booked and there is evidence of religious fervour all over the places. 177 The Special Issue on Contemporary Research in Arts and Social Science  © Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA Many people were cashing in on the situation, as they launch new religious organisations and societies. There is evidence that many are just charlatans looking for a means of livelihood. Many are perhaps genuinely religious. But it is obvious that our society has not become upright. It certainly has not become peaceful. There have been and still many hot and cold wars in the name of religion. (Fayomi 1993:37). Churches are noted to be springing up at an alarming and unprecedented rate in all available spaces, shops and uncompleted buildings. Worship come up in warehouses, hotels, abandoned cinema buildings, studios and other public places. It is a common sight to see a minimum of fifty different churches on a street of four kilometres long. This may paint a terrible picture, but such is the present rate of church proliferation in the country. In a statement made by Ogidi, he categorically asserts that, â€Å"Nigeria is a country with easily the largest number of churches per capital in the world.†(Ogidi 1997:11). Fayomi also described Nigeria as â€Å"aShow MoreRelatedProliferation of Churches5300 Words   |  22 Pageseurojournals.com/ejsr.htm Proliferation of Churches: A Leeway to Commercialization of Religion Anthonia M. Essien Department of Religious and Cultural Studies Faculty of Arts, University of Uyo, Nigeria E-mail: eteyesma@yahoo.com Tel: +234(0)8033596961 Abstract This paper posits that religion has become a top bracket business in Nigeria. This is occasioned by the agglomeration of autonomous, non-centralized, independent and illegally established religious movements in Nigeria. This situation favoursRead MoreAfrican Catholic Church And The Church Of South Africa1608 Words   |  7 PagesLivingstone, and other representatives of the London Missionary Society (1817). They succeeded in establishing what is known today as the United Congregational Church in Southern Africa (UCCSA). Their arrival opened the missionary field to other churches namely the Dutch Reformed Church (1871), the Lutheran Church (1891), the Anglican Church (1900s), the Methodist Church (1940s), the Seventh Day Adventists (1922) the Roman Catholic Church (1928) and Pentecostal Churches (1930s). It should be no ted thatRead MoreThe Roles of Nigerian Association of Model Islamic Schools (Namis) in the Development of Education in Oyo State: a Case Study of Namis, Egbeda Local Government Area Chapter7207 Words   |  29 Pages AFUSAT OMOBONIKE (MRS) (MATRICULATION NUMBER 04/060854) BEING A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARTS SOCIAL SCIENCES, EMMANUEL ALAYANDE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, OYO. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NIGERIA CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION (N.C.E) JANUARY, 2009. CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this study was carried out by Shittu, Afusat Omobonike (Matriculation number 04/060854) in the Directorate of Sandwich Programmes of Emmanuel AlayandeRead MoreEffect of Ict on the Academic Performance of Students8894 Words   |  36 Pages2005). 2.1 History of the Nigeria Educational System An attempt to scrutinize the educational system in Nigeria would attract one into the definition of the term Education According to the oxford Advanced Learning’s Dictionary, Education is defined as a systematic training and instruction especially of the young in school’’ it further defines Education as knowledge and abilities development of character and mental power resulting from such training Honby (1948) Nigeria has experienced modern westernRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages‘The Vanishing Newspaper’ †¦ †¢ Advent of tech has brought a radical change in the media industry †¢ No longer confined to reading news, watching television †¢ Click of mouse, people can access instantaneous info and news online †¢ Proliferation of online blogs and social networking sites such as Twitter threaten to make mainstream media a thing of the past †¢ But mainstream media adapting to suit the taste of consumers, still integral part of their lives Mainstream BAD: ComparativelyRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesin Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressed a society. But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recording business in the late twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period correspondsRead MoreEffects of Corruption in the Phil.14311 Words   |  58 Pagesmore damage than petty corruption, this does not mean that nothing should be done to minimize petty corruption. But, whether grand or petty, both are considered evils of society and results to profound consequences that affect all of us. (Phil. Anti-Graft Commission) As one of the oldest and most perplexing phenomenon in human society, political corruption exist in every country in the contemporary world and it is not exclusively a problem of developing countries. 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Process 2 Essay Example For Students

Process 2 Essay Purchasing Power Parity and International Commodity ArbitrageForeign ExchangeForeign exchange refers to two different things. The first is currency claims expressed in the equivalent value in foreign money. The second is actual transactions involving the conversion of money of one country into that of another. Foreign exchange is necessary because different countries have different monetary units. One countrys currency typically cannot be used in another country. The determination of the price at which the currency of one country will be or should be exchanged for that of another country is the basis of this and many other essays and studies. Foreign exchange is a commodity, and its price fluctuates based on supply and demand, like any commodity. This is not the place for a complete discussion of supply and demand as relates to foreign exchange, but for our purposes, we will assume that supply of and demand for a countrys currency moves along with the supply of or demand for that countrys products or the products of its trading partners. For example, if one country buys many more goods from its neighbor than its neighbor buys from it, the balance of payments at the end of the year will cause its neighbors currency to be in great demand, thereby driving its price up. What in fact sets the exchange ratio between two currencies? Obviously supply and demand, but what causes supply and demand to set exchange rates at appropriate levels? With this question we begin the next section. What is Purchasing Power Parity?Perhaps the single most well known concept in foreign exchange theory is that of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). The basic idea of PPP is that currencies represent purchasing power over goods and services. Either the exchange rate or price levels adjust to keep purchasing power constant. For example, say a particular basket of goods sells for $2000 in America and 1000 GBP in Great Britain. According to PPP, the exchange rate of dollars to pounds should be 2:1. If it were not 2:1; if, for example only 1.5 dollars was needed to purchase 1 pound, an arbitrageur would buy the basket of goods for 1000 pounds ($1500) and resell them in America for $2000. He would continue to do this until currency traders realized that they were being underpaid for their pounds and started to charge two dollars each for them, or Americans realized that they were paying too much for these goods and became willing to pay only $1500 for them, or some combination of the two. Supply and demand forces acting both on Great British pounds and this basket of goods would set the price based on the fact that the same amount of money should buy the same amount of goods anywhere in the world (PPP). The increased demand for pounds (in order to purchase these goods) will push its price up relative to the dollar, and the increased supply of this basket of goods will push its price down, to the point where PPP is achieved. Expressed mathematically, that point is:P(i,t) = S(t) x P*(i,t), whereS(t) = the current exchange rate (the domestic price of foreign exchange)P(i,t) = the current domestic currency price of commodity iP*(i,t) = the current foreign currency price of commodity iAt its simplest formulation, PPP is also called the law of one price (LOP). This formulation contains several caveats. First, LOP assumes that there are no transaction costs involved in buying a commodity in one market and selling it in another. Obviously, in a situation involving substantial transaction costs relative to the cost of the commodity in question, LOP will be empirically meaningless. Second, for this formulation to hold true, there must no barriers to trade. This would include prohibitions, tariffs, taxes, and quotas. Lastly, and perhaps most obviously, is that we must be comparing homogeneous goods. .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 , .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 .postImageUrl , .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 , .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404:hover , .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404:visited , .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404:active { border:0!important; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404:active , .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404 .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u617e29c4c1237cf282ba2bf5babbf404:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen suicide EssayThe absolute version of PPP hypothesizes a similar relationship, with the exception that it uses price levels instead of specific commodity prices. Mathematically, the absolute version of PPP can be expressed thus:P(t) = S(t) x P*(t),whereP(t) = the domestic price level in domestic currencyP*(t) = the foreign price level in foreign currencyIn reality though, price levels are certainly not calculated with any regularity. The cost and time to compute it would be prohibitive. Instead, countries typically calculate a variety of price indexes. Therefore, people do not make absolute PPP calculations, but rather relative ones, involving price index ratios instea d. Relative PPP calculations also compensate for the fact that two economies may not have the same composition of goods. Mathematically, the absolute version of PPP can be expressed thus:P(t+T) = S(t+T) x P*(t+T),where P(t) S(t)P(t)P(t) = an index of a subset of goods and services in domesticcurrencyP*(t) = an index of a subset of goods and services in foreign currencyt = some datet + T = some later dateRelative PPP can also be modified to include the effects of disparate rates of inflation on the exchange rate. That is, since P(t+T) = 1+ #61549; , where #61549; is the domestic rate of inflation and P*(t+T) = 1+ #61549;* where #61549;* is the foreign exchange rate, we can algebraically alter our previous equation to:S(t+T) = 1+#61549; S(t) 1+#61549;*This latest version of our equation says that the proportional appreciation or depreciation of the foreign currency depends on whether inflation is higher in, respectively, the domestic or the foreign country. The Real Exchange RateOften however, exchange rates do not move within the framework of PPP. The real exchange rate is the exchange rate when PPP does not hold. PPP calculations are used extensively when developing international trade and monetary policy. Central banks use them to establish par values for their currencies, and arbitrageurs use them to help determine when market exchange rates are too high or low (i.e. when currencies are overvalued or undervalued). Most users of PPP calculations assume that the real exchange rate should return to levels dictated by PPP. In reality though, exchange levels clearly do not stabilize at PPP dictated levels. Foreign exchange does exist. While some of that is clearly due to products that lay outside our discussion of PPP, such as goods that are not available in some area, obviously not all of it is. For foreign trade to occur, there has to be a price differential high enough at the destination sufficient to cover shipping, tariffs, financing, insurance, and any other costs involved in transferring goods from one location to another. Not only must price differentials exist, but they also must remain for trade to persist. We will define the real exchange rate, in terms of price levels as:R(t) = P(t)/(S(t)P*(t))And in terms of price indexes as follows:R(t+T) = P(t+T)/P(t) S(t+T)/S(t)P*(t+T)/P*(t)Obviously, when absolute and relative PPP holds true for whichever scenario is under discussion, the real exchange (R(t)) will be equal to one. Despite our previous discussions, however, these exchange differentials are consistent with both purchasing power parity and with the absence of commodity arbitrage opportunities. These price differentials cover the additional costs mentioned above and allow the importer/exporter to reap a nominal profit. For this reason, empirical studies have established that there exist large and continuing deviations of the real exchange rate from LOP. It seems that these deviations embody the cost of trade, and are not arbitrage opportunities. Empirical tests have generally supported this. One positive to this, in terms of the usefulness of LOP is that current deviations from the LOP can be used to forecast future deviations, since these would not be expected to substantially change. .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 , .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 .postImageUrl , .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 , .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40:hover , .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40:visited , .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40:active { border:0!important; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40:active , .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40 .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc28e8e838923842efeb293087ff75a40:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Job at Family Dollar EssayConclusionIn conclusion, though the simple law of one price formulation of purchasing power parity we started with obviously does not hold true when the requirements for that theory are stripped away, as in the real world, the concept that the same amount of money should purchase the same amount everywhere does have validity. Any of us who have traveled between countries knows that some goods are more expensive, and some are less expensive in other countries. When we factor in all the variables discussed above, this begins to make sense. It is not logical to pay $1 to ship something from Haiti to America if the price differential is only $0.50. This also obviously does not constitute an arbitrage opportunity.

Art Of Giotto Di Bondone Essay Example For Students

Art Of Giotto Di Bondone Essay Giotto Di Bondone was born around 1267 near Florence, Italy. He was an Italian painter and architect better known as Giotto. He married in 1827 to Ricevuta di Lapo del Pela and had several children together. Its said that he was a very ugly man and that is children were also very plain in appearance. Reconstruction shows him as a very short man with a large head and a hooked nose. It is said that he died on January 8, 1337 in Florence, but as with almost everything else in his life, that is a controversial subject. Giotto is said to have altered the course of painting in Western Europe, striking out of the Gothic and Byzantine styles towards the Renaissance. Giotto was under the apprenticeship of a great Florentine painter named Cimabue, from around the age of 10. Some of this earliest works were for the Dominicans at the Santa Maria Novello, including the Crucifix, which is about 5 meters high and is dated around 1290. Giotto was thought to have worked in Rome from around 1297-1300 and in this time his work became wide spread. His works influenced the start of the Riminese school or Giovanni and Pietro do Rimini. After his time in Rome he went to create some of his most influential work in the Scrovegno Chapel in Padua. The chapel was dedicated to the Annunciation and was heavily decorated with painting s of Gabriel and the Virgin Mary. The was divided into 37 scenes and arranged around the walls, telling the story of Mary. The life of Jesus and the The Last Judgement fills the other spaces. His figures are usually in compressed settings with more natural elements. His work is often set apart from others due to the fact that he placed great emphasis on the human face and their emotions. His paintings created a realism that is unique to others in his time. Of the several artworks that Giotto created, the one that is my favorite would be The Mourning of Christ or Lamentation. This piece of art was painted around 1305 when he was in the chapel in Padua. I think that this artwork is very thoughtful. It shows the Virgin Mary laying over her dead sons body, mourning the death of her son. I think that his artwork is unique in the fact that he places such care in the expression of each character. He also did not forget to place detail on other objects in the artwork, as the dead tree on the hill and the angels flying above head. His artwork shows such life like characteristics, that you can almost place yourself at the location, like feeling the Virgin Marys pain. I think in some of his designs that Giotto was trying to tell a story. I think this particular painting shows several of the principles of design. The contrast used in his paintings to me is unique. And the variety that he brought to it made you pay close attention to the feelings of the bystanders in the painting. His lines seem solid and often three-dimensional. The clothing that is worn by the people have such a life like appearance to them. In the painting of Lamentation there was an illusion of weight as mass. To me the colors that he choose were interesting, as they were natural and not flashy. I would have thought he may have used more defying colors to draw more attention to Christ himself, but instead all was placed on those surrounding him. I really enjoyed looking into Giottos past and paintings. I think that I have a greater understanding of some of his artwork and his life.

Interview with a Licensed Mental Health Counselor

The female licensed mental health counselor had over 10 years experience assessing the psychological, social, cultural and financial needs that impact recovering drug and alcohol addicts in an addiction program run by an international agency. Previously, the interviewee worked in a health facility that provided mental and psychosocial services to the elderly population.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Interview with a Licensed Mental Health Counselor specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the interview with the licensed mental health counselor, it was clear that that the participant subscribes to a theoretical orientation known as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which essentially attends to dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and other impaired cognitive processes exhibited by the population of recovering clients in the program using a multiplicity of goal-oriented, precise and methodical approaches. The favorite part of the job, as proposed by the interviewee, entailed experiencing former drug addicts and alcoholics being reintegrated back into the society after undergoing a three-month program, which assisted them to select and internalize specific strategies that they could always use to deal with their problems. The least favorite part of the job came in dealing with uncontrollable and potentially dangerous clients, who most often are in the last phase of addiction. According to her, this part is discouraging as it is increasingly difficult to make these clients follow the recommended treatment procedures, resulting in use of force in some cases. The interviewee acknowledged that burnout is a normal part of practice and anybody planning to become a licensed mental health counselor should be prepared to face burnout and deal with it in a manner that is less likely to affect his or her health and wellbeing. The interviewee said that she had experienced burnout when listening to intensely heart-wrenching life experiences of drug and alcohol addicts, and when sharing in the grief, loss, and sadness of family members of addicted clients. Additionally, the interviewee suggested that it is important to develop internalized indicators that one could use to recognize burnout and fatigue early on before they became health and professional challenges.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The interviewee coped with the burnout by engaging in things that bring joy and relieve stress (e.g., leisure activities), exploring new hobbies, avoiding taking on extra clients, taking time each day to relax, reading non-professional literature for fun, and receiving counseling in difficult situations. The interviewee took time to describe her transition from a student at the university to professional counseling in a program specifically providing mental, psychological and healthca re services for the elderly. She was surprised by the variances between her expectations as a student and the realities on the ground. According to her, it is difficult to apply most of the theories learned from school in real-life contexts, hence the need for transitioning students to develop a flexible and innovative predisposition to deal with issues beyond the boundaries of the educational institution. Consequently, the advice she provided to new counselors is to maintain an open mind and flexibility and also come up with new approaches to ensure they stay informed on current evidence-based practices in the field of counseling psychology. Overall, this particular interview provided useful insights not only on how to deal with burnout and fatigue in practice settings but also on what attributes to consider and internalize in transitioning from student life to professional counseling. The coping strategies advocated by the interviewee are critical in ensuring that my practice as a licensed mental health counselor will be largely successful in terms of dealing with mental and health challenges related to burnout and fatigue. This essay on Interview with a Licensed Mental Health Counselor was written and submitted by user Aria Richardson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ap Biology Lab Report 4 Essays

Ap Biology Lab Report 4 Essays Ap Biology Lab Report 4 Paper Ap Biology Lab Report 4 Paper Introduction This study was performed in order to gain more knowledge on mitosis and meiosis. This lab was done by observing mitosis in plant and animal cells, comparing the relative lengths of the stages of mitosis in onion root tip cells, stimulating the stages of meiosis, observing evidence of crossing-over in meiosis using Sordaria fimicola, and estimating the distance of a gene locus from its centromere. Mitosis is the scientific term for nuclear cell division, where the nucleus of the cell divides, resulting in two sets of identical chromosomes. Mitosis is accompanied by cytokinesis in which the end result is two completely separate cells called daughter cells. There are four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis is a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce. Meiosis produces gametes with one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. There are two stages of meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II. At the end of the meiotic process, four daughter cells are produced. Each of the resulting daughter cells has one half of the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis was studied first in this lab. The phases of onion root tips were observed under a microscope. The crossing-over of chromosomes in meiosis was observed by viewing photos. Hypothesis If looking under a 400 power microscope, than it is possible to observe mitosis occurring in whitefish blastula and onion root tips. If crossing-over occurs in meiosis, than the genes do not segregate until meiosis II. Materials and Methods All materials and methods followed based off of lab manual. Results Activity A: Observing Mitosis Interphase Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell Prophase Cells The cellular organelles doubled in number, the DNA replicated, and protein synthesis occurred. The chromosomes are not visible and the DNA appears as uncoiled chromatin. Prophase Plant Cell Animal Cell The chromatin condensed and the chromosomes became visible. The nucleolus disappeared, and the spindle forms and attaches to the centromeres of the chromosomes. Early and late prophase can be seen. In late prophase, the chromatin has condensed into chromosomes, the nucleolus is gone, and the nuclear envelope has been removed. Metaphase Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell The nuclear membrane fragmentation is complete and the duplicated chromosomes lined up along the cells equator. Anaphase Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell Diploid sets of daughter chromosomes separated and were pushed and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell. This was accomplished by the polymerization and depolymerization of the microtubules that helped to form the mitotic spindle. Telophase Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell The nuclear membrane and nucleoli reformed, cytokinesis is almost done, and the chromosomes uncoiled to chromatin. Daughter Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell The daughter cells formed and constructed a new dividing cell wall between them. Each daughter cell received a copy of the genome of its parent’s cell. Analysis of Results, Activity A: Observing Mitosis 1. I can infer that the two cells came from the cell a long time ago because they have similar organelles. 2. Two ways that mitosis differs in the cells of animals and higher plants is in cytokinesis and right before prophase. In plant cells, there is a pre-prophase right before prophase takes place. . A) Nuclear envelope disappears in prophase; nuclear envelope reappears in telophase B) Mitotic spindle forms in prophase; mitotic spindle disappears in telophase C) Chromatin condenses into chromosomes in prophase; chromosomes unwind to form chromatin in telophase D) Centrosomes are at opposite ends of the cell in metaphase E) Nucleolus disappears in prophase 4. The three sub phases of interphase are the G1 phase, S phase, and the G2 phase. I n the G1 phase, cell synthesizes proteins and produces cytoplasmic organelles. In the S phase, DNA synthesis occurs, and in the G2 phase, the cell beings forming the spindle. 5. Both prokaryotic cell division and eukaryotic cell division replicate their DNA and use the process of cytokinesis. Activity B: Estimating the Relative Lengths of Mitotic Phases Table 1: Group Count | Number of Cells| | Field 1| Field 2| Field 3| Total 1-3| Interphase| 52| 46| 57| 155| Prophase| 22| 25| 29| 76| Metaphase| 16| 11| 9| 36| Anaphase| 5| 8| 5| 18| Telophase| 14| 10| 8| 32| | Total| 317| Table 2: Class Data Class Totals| Decimal Fraction of Total Count| Estimated Time Spent in Phase| Interphase| 582| . 46| 13968| Prophase| 305| . 24| 7320| Metaphase| 148| . 12| 3552| Anaphase| 65| . 05| 1560| Telophase| 171| . 13| 4104| Total Cells Counted| 1271| | Analysis of Results, Activity B: Estimating the Relative Lengths of Mitotic Phases Pie Graph 2. Stages of Mitosis Ranked 1) Interphase 2) Prophase 3) Metaphase 4) Anaphase 5) Telophase 3. Some phases of mitosis are longer than othe rs because each phase has a different task, and some of the tasks of the phases are harder than others. For example, interphase takes longer than other phases because the nuclear envelope fragments and the microtubules attach to the chromosomes. Telophase takes the least amount of time because chromosomes only go to opposite ends of the cell and a nuclear membrane forms. Activity C: Simulating Meiosis Analysis of Results, Activity C: Simulating Meiosis 1. Sixteen combinations of the two chromosomes are possible. 2. Number of chromosome combinations= 3. There are possible combinations of chromosomes for human gametes. 4. There are possible combinations of chromosomes for the offspring. 5. The relationship of meiosis to variation in populations is that genes are able to move themselves and combine with different sets of genes that aren’t present in the parent. This causes a higher chance of survival. 6. Three ways that meiosis differs from mitosis are that meiosis occurs in reproductive cells, while mitosis occurs in somatic cells. In meiosis, a mitotic mother cell is always diploid, while in mitosis a mother cell can be haploid or diploid. In meiosis, two divisions of the mother cell causes four meiotic cells, while in mitosis, a single division of the mother cell causes two daughter cells. Activity D: Crossing-Over and Map Units Analysis Results, Activity D: Crossing-Over and Map Units Table 3 | No. of MI Asci (4:4)| No. of MII Asci (2:4:2 or 2:2:2:2)| Total Asci| %MII Asci (No. of MII/Total)| Gene-to Centromere Distance (%MI/2)| Group Data| 45| 65| 110| 59%| 29. 5 (30)| 1. Crossing-over increases genetic variation because when the chromatids exchange sections with each other, they get new combinations of alleles that their parents had, which causes more chromatids. . I would expect to find more genetic variation in the population of species B because it’s undergoing sexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction there is more changeability because the new generation has many combinations of the genes of the two parent organisms. 3. I would conclude that there was no occurrence of recombination since the MI Asci w ould be a 4:4 ratio. Discussion My results proved my hypothesis. This is so because by looking through the microscope it was possible to view the stages of mitosis in the onion root tip and the whitefish blastula. The stages of mitosis that were visible were prophase, anaphase, telophase, interphase, and metaphase. The time spent in each phase was also figured out. Interphase was the phase that the cell spends most of its life in. Telophase was the shortest phase. We stimulated the stages of meiosis using red and yellow magnetic beads. Crossing-over in Sordaria was observed by looking at photos. Afterwards, the map units were determined. We discovered that the distance of the gene relative to the centromere in the Sordaria was fifty-nine map units.

Sally Hemings & Thomas Jefferson - The Scandal Essay

Sally Hemings & Thomas Jefferson - The Scandal - Essay Example Each member relies on what each knows of human nature, using common sense and the ability to reason If the assumptions seem ridiculous, throw them out, if the reasons make sense, convict. Here Jefferson will be convicted, but free from scandal. Jefferson was a man of passion and conviction, like many a good leader, and it is just these characteristics upon which he will be judged as well as the elemental conditions of the evidence available. As with any fair trial we must first presume that Thomas Jefferson is innocent before we can bring evidence against him. This presumption will lie in the testimony of his statements and those of his contemporaries. Thomas Jefferson himself never commented publicly on the issue, though some of his remarks have been interpreted as indirect denials. For example, he publicly stated his opposition to miscegenation (a word not yet coined at the time): "Their [blacks] amalgamation with the other color," he wrote, "produces a degradation to which no lover of his country, no lover of excellence in the human character, can innocently consent."1 Why would a man with these opinions ever think to "consent" to relationships outside his own race? The Jefferson Family also vehemently denies any possible impropriety on Jefferson’s part equally sighting his high moral character and his veracity. The family also states as fact that Mr. Jefferson was never geographically present at the times in which Ms. Hemings would have conceived any of her children. â€Å"Thomas Jefferson Randolph [grandson of Thomas Jefferson], holds basically that Jefferson was not at Monticello when Sally Hemings children were conceived, and that they were fathered instead by one of his nephews, either Peter or Samuel Carr.†3 However, careful studies of Jefferson Farm Book and the detailed chronology of his public life record tend to reveal otherwise (see Timeline on page ten). Also the Author of Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History reveals

Wk2multicult Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wk2multicult - Essay Example I think this would impact my work because I am not sure how I would deal with a gay or lesbian couple coming to my offices who want to get married. I do not know how I would counsel them exactly because of what I have been taught. Bohan (1996) states that marriage is a part of "heterosexual privilege". She says when people are married they are able to have public support and acceptance of your marriage, paid leave when your spouse dies and you are grieving the loss, paid leave if you are having a crisis in your family or if the spouse is ill and immediate access to your spouse if they are in the hospital or something happens to them (p. 40). What I realize about this is that this seems to be what people need who love each other and perhaps it does not matter how that love is consummated, but it is only fair that gays and lesbians who love each other should have the same privileges that heterosexual couples have even if they do not call it "marriage." The way that I would address this challenge is to find out more information in this area. I would need to study more. In the area of marriage, there are many states that have already legalized marriage. In fact, Washington, D.C., is the most recent state that is in the process of legalizing gay marriage. I can see that I will need to understand this from a human interest level rather than from a personal level if I am to counsel this group. Socioeconomic status. I do alright. My parents were middle class and worked most o their life. My mother is a teacher and my father is a chemist. I relate to all type of people, especially those who have little income; I want to help. Because I come from a family that was Jewish we were taught traditional values. This has been both a blessing and a curse for me at times. I believe in the traditions and I feel they work to help us understand who we are better than some cultures. We also know what we are supposed to do according to the Torah.