What Is The Current IGN ( Include Past Igns - 1053 Words

IGN (Include Past IGNs): My current IGN is Factful. Here is my namemc so you can check out my past IGNs https://namemc.com/name/Factful Age: I am currently 13 (I was given permission to apply for staff) Timezone: I currently live in MST time zone. (Mountain Standard Time) Gender: Male How many hours can you play every day?: Summer Break Times Monday - Friday: 10am - 12pm (14 hours) Saturday - Sunday: 10am - 1am (15 hours) During School Times Monday - Thursday: 4pm - 10pm (6 hours) Friday: 4pm - 12pm (8 hours) Saturday: 10am - 12pm (14 hours) Sunday: 1pm - 10pm (9 hours) *I am currently on summer break! Do you have any past staff experience?: Yes, I have quite a bit of staff experience. I tried starting up my own server with two†¦show more content†¦I will also benefit the server by stopping hackers. If a player sends a report in ill be right on it no matter what. I know how to find many clients including ghost clients that are hidden in normal mods like tcpnodelay and bsp. I will also be very active so this gives me more time to deal with hackers and people who need help. I will also be very active on the forums and reviewing most of the things players are posting like for instance Ideas, I will give back helpful criticism and will even pitch in some of my ideas with them. Any extra information that you would like to add: I have many qualities but I will be talking about responsibility, respect, helpfulness, teamwork, fairness, and dedication. All these qualities are extremely important for becoming staff. I will execute all these qualities in every situation I am given. Responsibility: This is something I have much of, when I get asked to do something it gets done. If it never gets done I will take 100% of the blame and will face any consequences and would not argue. I think this is a good trait for a staff member to have because if no one had it nothing would get done. Respect: Respect shows people what you are like and what your character is like. I always respect everyone I encounter and will never ever disrespect anyone on the server no matter how mad they might make me. This is a very good trait to have because if you are a staff member you are representing the server that you are staffShow MoreRelatedA Study On My Current Ign1363 Words   |  6 PagesIGN (Include Previous Names Also): My current IGN is Mehrp and my previous IGNs are: Chief_Constable, Passata, _Merp and Awesomerp. Age: Turned 15 this year a couple of months ago. Timezone: I am in the GMT timezone. This may be to my advantage as I often see a lack of EU staff members on some servers. Location : Bristol, England. Gender: Male How many hours can you play each day? 2-5 hours on a school day, normally the latter time, however, I will soon be entering a period of heavy examinationRead MoreMy Current Ign1264 Words   |  6 PagesIGN (Include Previous Names Also): Stuby is my current IGN. Click here for my Name MC profile. Age: I am 14 years old. Timezone: (US) EST Location: United States of America on the Eastern Coast (Atlantic) Gender: Male How many hours can you play each day? I can play a span of 4-8 hours on weekends (including Friday) and around 2-4 hours every Tuesday and Wednesday. This is a rough schedule of when and how long I usually play: Sunday: 9:00 AM - 12:00 PM, 2:00 PM - 5:00 PM 6:45 PM - 9:00 PMRead MoreMy Current On New Zealand1068 Words   |  5 PagesIGN (Include Previous Names Also): My current in-game name is FyrGhost. Whilst my current name will most likely stay unchanged, I’ll notify the appropriate staff member if I move. My previous names include: XxFyr_Gh0stxX and Funky_Kid247. Age: I have recently turned fourteen years of age. Timezone: The timezone that I live in is UTC+12:00. Location: I am currently living in New Zealand. Gender: I am a male. This will probably stay unchanged, however I’ll be sure to notify the appropriate person ifRead MoreA Brief Note On Eastern Standard Time : Southeast, United States Of America1736 Words   |  7 PagesIGN (Include Previous Names Also): Current IGN - Foamposites LilAviance Aviance Auiance LilAviVert InsaneAlpha1 Age: 15 Timezone: Eastern Standard Time Location: Southeast, United States of America Gender: Male How many hours can you play each day? My time schedule (listed below) lets me play for a good amount of time on school nights, then during weekends I have plenty of free time so I can easily get on the server and help catch rule breakers. I have semester break for about 2 and 1/2 weeksRead MoreBanned Around Two Maps Of Reason Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pages -IGN s- Suavae(Thatguythatplays,Cronic_,CronicPvPz,Listera,Institutions) -Age- Fourteen Location United States, dont want to much information out there but I will pm you if you really need it! -Have you had any previous punishments on Faithful? - Yes I was banned around two maps ago.The reason because of this is because my friend had been at my house playing on the same ip. He was using hacks to find ores.Than he got banned and since I was on I got ip banned.This issue was resolved -How many hoursRead MoreWhy Should You Be Chosen As A Staff Member?1275 Words   |  6 PagesIGN (Include Previous Names Also): July3nd, ItsJarn, BeastFormal, Chilch, SneeKnees. Age: 15 Timezone: EST Location: United States Gender: Male How many hours can you play each day? Currently I will be able to play for 4-6 hours on weekdays and 7-10 hours on weekends. Have you had any past experience? Yes, A couple months ago I was staff on iPvPs HCFs server. Due to some complications, I found it necessary to resign. Are you staff on any other servers currently? No, currently I am not staff on anyRead MoreSample Resume : Moutain Time Zone 1135 Words   |  5 PagesIGN (Include Previous Names Also): StealthyJett | Previous: Youngful Age: 14 (15 In August) Timezone: Moutain Time Zone | UTC -07:00 Gender: Male How many hours can you play each day? Weekdays: 6-8 Hours | Weekends: 8-10 Hours Have you had any past experience? Prime Pots (HCF, TEAMS, KITPVP, CREATIVE, PRISON): I started out mid June as a Trial-Moderator, I was accepted by one of the Platform Admins. At this current time there was ownership changes plus promotions, demotions, and changes to theRead MoreAppeal of Batman Versus Superman Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesand Christopher Orr dive deeper into what makes superheroes movies like The Dark Knight and Man of Steel so compelling. Joey Esposito analyzes the reasons behind the fascination of the Dark Knight and how he appeals to our inner desire to use the pain in our lives for good. Audiences often have an easier time relating to Batman while they have difficulty relating to Superman. Batman’s tragic past and human traits make him more relatable to audiences of current superhero films than superman who wasRead MoreDescription Of The First Time I At The School Week1466 Words   |  6 PagesIGN (Include Previous Names Also): My current username is TextMessage. Any previous name tha t I have had can be found here. Don t judge them to much. . Age: I am currently 14. Timezone: My timezone is CST (Central Standard Time). Location: I live in Texas, United States. I do not plan on moving anytime soon. Gender: Male How many hours can you play each day?: This all varies during the school week unless I do not have homework that I have due. If I have nothing planned, I can play aroundRead MoreAssignment Questions On Networking1439 Words   |  6 PagesIGN (In Game Name): sexayy Age: 17 Timezone:EST Country: United States Do you have a good quality mic?: Yes. Do you have Telegram Teamspeak?: Yes, i have both! How many hours can you put in the server per week: 10+ Any previous punishments on Faithful?: No Any past experiences in being a staff member: Yes I Do! LegendHCF: This server was the server that taught me a lot about how to be a staff member they taught me how to ss, how to help players in teamspeak, basically everything there is to know

Essay about Benjamin Franklin The Embodiment of a...

A man whose name will forever be remembered in not just American, but world history, Benjamin Franklin was the true embodiment of a Renaissance man. His accomplishments benefitted the course of social, political, and scientific progress in many countries, and his influence touched the lives of millions. In America especially, it is common to view him as the great leader who was forever dedicated to the revolution, or the man who lived and breathed American independence, or perhaps the wisest, most level-headed patriot America had seen. He indeed was a crucial asset to the American Revolution, and his dedication to the fight for recognized independence was clearly visible, both verbally and in his writings. He was even given the nickname of†¦show more content†¦As a child growing up in the young city of Boston, Franklin was immediately recognized as a leader amongst his peers. He was fascinated with creating makeshift innovations that made every day tasks easier for him, and always thought in pragmatic and scientific terms. His father, Josiah Franklin, lead a humble life as a devout Puritan and tallow chandler after arriving to America with his wife. Yet he eventually found the business to be quite profitable and was able to become avidly involved in public virtue, benefiting his family exponentially. Franklin would later follow his father’s path of the pursuit of public virtue and private profit, which would lead him to an interest in politics. His education and apprenticeships led him to an appreciation and love for writing. Josiah Franklin realized that his son would not be fit to be a clergyman due to his â€Å"skeptical, puckish, curious,† and â€Å"irrelevant† nature who was generally â€Å"cheeky not only about religion but also the wordiness in worship that was a hallmark of Puritan faith.† (Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life, p. 19) His father gave up on preparing his son for Harvard because of financial reasons, and was instead to continue with apprenticeships and eventually become a printer. While some historians such as Arthur Tourtellot believe that his father’s choice saved him from losing his political zeal, stating â€Å"four years at Harvard might have been much less conductive to theShow MoreRelatedThe Muses in Greek Mythology and Art1643 Words   |  7 Pageswere deities worshipped by the ancient Greeks. They were 9 women, sisters, whose sole purpose for being was that of the inspiration to mortal man, typically in an artistic capacity. The embodiment of the classical idea of the poetical faculty as a divine gift, these famous sisters dwelt on Mount Helicon, in Greece. The Muses were therefore both the embodiments and sponsors of performed metrical speech: mousike, whence music, was the art of the Muses. (nationbuilder) They were the â€Å"personificationRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pagesnewspaper advertisement published offering a reward for the return of 12 stolen horses. In the American colonies, the Boston News-Letter, the regularly published newspaper in America, began carrying advertisements in 1704, and about 25 years Benjamin Franklin made advertisements more readable by using large headlines. In the United States, the advertising profession began in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1841 when Volney B. Palmer set up a shop as an advertising agent, the forerunner of theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesprimarily by opportunities for economic advancement—including the massive movement of rural agriculturalists to rapidly growing urban areas—but also the often-neglected displacements of populations that resulted from the wars, revolutions, and natural and man-made disasters of the twentieth century. Howard Spodek’s essay charts the development of the urban areas that have been the destination for the great majority of both international and domestic immigrants in the modern era, and that in 2005 became

“What I Saw and How I Lied” Free Essays

Why do we go through love, deceit, the pains of growing up, and figuring out who we are? The four things I have listed are not only themes in the book â€Å"What I Saw and How I Lied† by Judy Blundell, but some basic parts of life. Love is a complicated feeling, not only for you and the person you’re in love with but the people around you. Sometimes when you are in love with somebody, not everyone approves, and that brings complication because you want to be in love with whoever you want, but also please the person who doesn’t approve because you love them too, in a different way, of course. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"What I Saw and How I Lied† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Deception also comes into play when it comes to the game love. When in love with someone the feelings should be mutual, if there is no mutuality then one of the two people in the relationship is being deceived. In all it only leads to constant deception and heart ache. There’s a very true and popular saying; â€Å"growing up is hard to do. † In life as we grow older we all have obstacles we have to face. Whether it’s getting along with your mom or trying to fit in, that’s just two examples out of thousands, these obstacles are not meant to torment you but only to prepare you for life in general and the many more obstacles to come.When it comes to figuring out who you are it’s just one of the hurdles on the track of life you have to jump and hope you don’t have to try again, but if you do you will. When you clear the jump, finally figuring out who you are there is a sense of completion and just another step to success in your life. Evie a fifteen year old girl, the main character, felt she was growing up the only thing stopping her was her mother, she felt as if her mother wasn’t allowing her to grow up.Evie’s mother wouldn’t do anything to give Evie a sense of growing up, she wouldn’t buy the kind of clothes girls her age wore, she wouldn’t let her wear her hair the way she wanted, and she certainly didn’t let her date boys. On the contrary though, Evie was determined to prove she was grown up she felt that to appear grown up you had to start with your physical appearance. â€Å"I want to wear lipstick. † Her mother was just as determined to prove to her that Evie shouldn’t want to row up too fast. â€Å"Don’t be in such a hurry to grow up, baby. † Evie knew it was going to be hard to prove to her mom, let alone herself, that she wasn’t a little girl anymore. Little did they both know Evie was going to a lot of growing up on their spontaneous trip to Palm Springs, Florida. Evie was very excited for their getaway, she thought this was her chance to prove she was grown up. Her plan to prove it to them was to show she could handle a relationship, but in all reality she couldn’t.Evie met a man name Peter and she fell in love with him, although it was forbidden. He was too old for her, and in her mother’s opinion she was too young to date. In addition, her step-father didn’t like him because they had some bad history together when they were in World War II together. Throughout the story Evie and Peter continue their forbidden relationship, meanwhile Peter is also having an affair with Evie’s mother. â€Å"You lied, you told me you loved me!†¦ Mom, you knew the whole time! This is where the deception comes in, not only was Evie being deceived by her own mother but by the man she thought loved her. The whole time Evie thought she was discovering maturity and love but in all actuality she discovered deception and betrayal. Sure deception and betrayal will make you do a little growing up, but only by getting rid of your naivety. Growing up should be a treasured part of life not tragic. For Evie becoming a mature young adult was tragic. She never learned what true love is, to be faithful and devoted to one another.The only good thing Evie learned is who she is, she figured out that she shouldn’t trust every new person that comes into her life with her feelings. In closing love, deceit, growing up, and figuring out who you are in life is hard, but they’re part of life and everybody goes through it. Although we all go through life differently, it’s still life, we have no choice but to go through it. We choose who we love and trust and the choices we make determine how far we go in life. The question is why does life have to be so challenging? How to cite â€Å"What I Saw and How I Lied†, Papers

Software and System Tester Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Software and System Tester. Answer: Introduction In business environment, change is the only constant aspect. Customers are usually influenced either negatively or positively depending on how network of that place have been tested. In testing process, a set of activates are launched to facilitate establishment of new capabilities of the system. In addition, for a software or system to work with efficiency, there is need for various tests to be subjected onto it before the actual use exercised. The exercise is usually conducted by an expert who ensures that various units of the system are in correct state hence able to facilitate the system to achieve its purpose. In this process, a complete and integrated software is put under a test.When conducting the process, the behavior of the entire system is subjected under the test.The process entails tests that are based on the risks and the specifications required. The activity is usually the last ensuring that the system realized the intended purpose by which it was launched. Specialist are usually the people who initiates the process ensuring that efficiency is realized. In the process of software testing, the analysis is conducted to a fully installed system in order to establish the effectiveness of the system inline to the specific requirements. When the system meets specified intentions, it is said to be effective. Example of job advertisements on system testing Various jobs advertisements have been conducted on internet and other forms of media. Specific examples in these jobs entail testing mobile games while at home, testing of the efficiency of websites on online platform. Testing software and integration adverts, quality assurance engineering online adverts have been availed on the platforms. Software designing adverts, intermediate software tester, Web infrastructure tests, intermediate automation testing adverts and functional software tester. Other example of software testing adverts are those on agile product testing ,lead tester conducted by medical council of Canada, Senior tests and release tests by climax media and quality assurance analyst conducted by the global container terminals of Canada. Stages in testing the system The initial stage starts with Unit testing. In the process, involves software development activities where small elements that can be tested of applications are checked for effective functioning. The process is conducted either by manual means or by automation. The process is then followed by integration testing. In the phase, the individual software modules are put together and tested as a whole. The process is established before validation testing and after unit testing. System testing itself targeting at ensuring the system complies. The last stage is acceptance testing employed to determine if the requirements specifications are met. A crucial example involved in this exercise is during the stages of making a ball pen, the cap, the body, the tail, the ink cartridge and the ball point are made differently .Two units when brought together and integration conducted. The system made requires testing to certain its effectiveness. While conducting the process, the experts aim at ensuring that defects are detected and corrected early to avoid accidents. In doing so, a lot of money that otherwise could have been wasted in repairing the entire system and the losses incurred. To sum up, testing a system ensures that a faulty one is corrected and therefore performance is improved. Various testing approaches are utilized for instance graphical interface testing that ensures that a system conforms to its specifications. Usability is also a common method utilized to help one know how to use the machine. The whole process of testing ensures that faulty parts or systems are corrected so that accidents and inefficiency cases are cut short timely that otherwise could cause many negative impacts. Testing the system is thus crucial, and as discussed should be done before main purpose of the system is launched. References Black, R. (2002). Managing the testing process . New York: Wiley Publishing. Maulana, K. (2006). System testing and implementation process . Educational journals, 1-20. Mika, V., Casper, L. (2016). Defect detection Efficiency :Test case based on exploratory testing. International sympssium journal , 10-13. William, P. (2000). Effective methods of software testing . chicago : Wileys and Sons.

The Great War Essays (1238 words) - Georges Clemenceau,

The Great War The Legacy of the Great War After reading William R. Keylors The Legacy of the Great War, I realized the important events that pertain to the international relations. Until our present day there has not been so many great leaders come together to address issues such as: politics, economics, and social settings in Europe. This is the beginning of the problems in European civilization. The Paris Peace conference had a total of twenty-seven countries with their highest representatives and aides who devise a peace settlement. For two months they had redrawn the map of Europe with political and economical arrangements. It took another six months for the leaders who defeated the Central Powers to decide which rules that would govern the postwar order. The Central Power leaders are also known as the Big Four who was: President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy. After all the peace makers of the treaties was creating the fire for the Second World War in 1939. During the Peace Conference there was two themes that was very critical. The first is that each victorious European ally had betrayed the new diplomacy of President Woodrow Wilson and therefore deprived the postwar international order of its moral McIntire 2 justification. The second theme is the Carthaginian settlement, which the victors virtually dismantled Germany of all of its power economically and military. When the Peacemaking conference began, President Wilson promised Poland a free and secure access to the Baltic Sea. (p.19) The port of Danzinger had an overwhelmingly German population there with different religious practices. With self-determination Wilson balanced antithetical considerations. He already promised Poles a free port, and France also wanted to weaken Germany by giving Poland territory. The outcome of the German-Polish Frontier is a free international port in the hands of Polish control. After the war the French wanted to destroy the German economy. The French wanted control of the German coalmines. But Wilson would not agree. He was looking out for the Germans economically. Premier Clemenceau called Wilson pro-German which obviously hurted the President. (p.29) With this going on President Wilson was self-determine to do his best for the redrawing of Europe. Most leaders in France believed the way to weaken Germany without hurting it economically was to move Germans under rule of other nations. Most of these small states have never set up a stable government for themselves and adding large amount of Germans to their native lands could be dangerous. This is one way how Wilson and his delegates were violated. One of French main goals in the Peace Conference was security from the Germans in the future. The only way for this is if the Americans and British take charge, and give the Germans a punch and never let them get up again. Germany is the strongest country on the continental Europe. The Germans have the Rhineland, which is a shield McIntire 3 against aggression. On April 22, 1919 Wilson and George came up with a French security formula. The pledge to defend France against any German aggression, and German disarmament, reduction of the German army to 100,000 men, demilitarization of a zone fifty kilometers east of the Rhine. (91) The French wanted the Rhine River for an allied military base at the four main crossings. Wilson would not allow this, because it would break his national self-determination. During the Carthaginian Peace settlement, John Maynard Keynes published a book called The Economic Consequences of the Peace. According to Keynes he is a hostile critic of President Wilson and his Fourteen Points peace treaty. (122) With Keynes facts I believe he was totally correct. The treaty ignored the economic problems that Germany faced. Germany is economy was built on coal and iron. After the treaty the coal could not be mined or delivered to other countries. Also, seventy-five percent of the iron ore came from Alsace-Lorraine, which the French reclaimed after WWI. With the cutback of coal and iron Europe was even more unsettled then it was. I believe that Germany was responsible to pay for the war damages. Since they started the war

Survivor essays

Survivor essays In David John Farinellas article, Scoring to Survive, it talks about making hit series music and how that affects a shows ratings. Farinella starts the article off by talking about composer Russ Landau and how he was chosen to right the theme song for CBS hit Survivor and how he knew that Richard was going to win the million dollars. He then talks about how Landau went about writing the theme song and all the trials and tribulations that are behind writing music. Landau first wrote 14 to 15 orchestra themes, but decided that the show needed something dramatic, serious, dangerous, and adventurous to represent it. Farinella explains that Landau finally came up with the theme from being on a ski vacation in Mammoth, California. Landau got some of his ideas from the Lord of the Flies and MTVs Real World. Landau then turned to folk singers Tamara Smyslova, Elena Sidorenko, and Masha Nefedova who sang Yippee Ki Yeah. Farinella states that there was lots of editing, composing, and cutting to make everything just right for the series. During the first season of Survivor they tried to make different themes for the characters themselves; Richard having a quirky theme, B.B. having a fun theme, Rudy having a loving theme, and Greg having a psycho-quirky theme, to name a few. Farinella discusses the new theme for Survivor 2 and how they replace the conch shell with a didgeridoo, which they recorded live from the Undara Lava Tubes. Farinella ends the article by questioning Landau about if he is worried about the theme song becoming something like Gilligans Island did? Landau states, Were writing pop music, and TV themes are part of the pop music lexicon, so that would never disturb me. If it has that longevity, then great, fantastic. When I started this article I was very interested in it. I watch Survivor every Thursday night and love it. I love the theme music behind t...

Philosophical, Medical and the Legal Aspects of Abortion Research Paper

Philosophical, Medical and the Legal Aspects of Abortion - Research Paper Example The definition of abortion as provided by US National Library Medicine is that â€Å"An abortion is a procedure to end a pregnancy. It uses medicine or surgery to remove the embryo or fetus and placenta from the uterus† (Anderson, 2003). Another definition of abortion is â€Å"Abortion is referred to as the process of terminating pregnancy at a stage before the fetus has attained the stage of viability† (Kapilasharmi, 2007). It is important to consider the philosophical interpretations of abortion along with the medical definitions. In a philosophical angle, it is the denial of the right to be born. The social acceptability of abortion has been argued upon with reference to its sociological and moral implications. These arguments are based on the moral philosophy questioning man’s right over another individual’s life. The general claim against abortion is that it is not very different from brutal murder. Interestingly, while in a murder, the victim receives the sentiments of the people whereas in abortion, the entire social mechanisms conspire for the process resultantly the murdered and the sentiments associated with it portrayed as a mere medical process. As per medical definitions, the fetus is a just a chunk of tissues, but for the ethically thinking society, the fetus is an important part of tomorrows world. The religious argument also supports this view as it believes that it’s only God who has right take a life (Anderson, 2003). The medical consequences and principles of abortion are also worth careful review.

Knowledge Management as an Important Part in the Global Economy Essay

Knowledge Management as an Important Part in the Global Economy - Essay Example This will be followed by the current practices that are being used by employers to attract the best candidates to their firm in the first place, which will be supplemented by examples from different organizations on how they monitor employee satisfaction, assess the required parameters and implement steps to motivate and retain the employees. In the process of  determining  the means to attract employees, the specific role of the HRM departments in different companies will be identified, in ascertaining what successful measures these departments (who is they? make sure your pronoun references are clear)  implemented and how these have contributed to competitive advantage. The need and parameters that are essential for determining the characteristics pertaining to employees’ retention will be identified, i.e, ( i.e.)((is i.e. what you want here? is the meaning clear?)  high turnover of employees is damaging to a firm. The views of experts on what retention measures can be adopted by the HRM department will form the concluding and most important part of the Literature Review.  The operational procedures  determine the employee retention and attrition rates and provide insight into the factors responsible for forcing an employee to seek alternative solutions externally. The HRM departments must take these factors into consideration while devising new plans and strategies to retain employees through the use of confidence-building measures. Journal articles dealing with the subject of retention were retrieved using databases such as ProQuest and Emerald. The search terms that were used include most common words associated with employees and their satisfaction such as  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœemployee satisfaction’, ‘employee retention, ‘employee attrition’  etc. These searches elicited several journal articles that were useful in assessing the importance of retention as well as retention strategies. Additionally, several books on  Human resource management were also consulted in order to derive supporting material that could be used.  

Scenario Project & Supervision & Probation Coursework

Scenario Project & Supervision & Probation - Coursework Example Between 1878 and 1938 various states and districts including the federal government set up probation laws. In 1983 electronic monitoring of offenders begins in Mexico followed by Florida. In 1989 a survey indicates that fifty states have adopted intensive probation and other intermediate sanction programs (Anderson, 2010). The probation supervision has developed over the years with states enacting various laws to help in ensuring effective and adequate supervision. These laws have seen the introduction of other types of supervision such as the standard supervision, the unsupervised probation and the informal supervision. Al these have developed in order to make probation supervision easy, convenient and effective (HCDA, 2011). Probation as a process means that it is an investigation that is conducted by a specific court and the supervision of persons in a community. An investigation such that an individual is monitored by a court whether they are changing behavior or not and supervision such that an individual is assigned a person whom they are supposed to report to or who monitors them to make sure they are doing what is right. If they deviating they can be sentenced or the period of probation can be increased (PA,

Referential Cohesion In The Construction Of Magazines English Language Essay

Referential Cohesion In The Construction Of Magazines English Language Essay Texts are categorized according to different genres, which are placed within a context. For example, articles in magazines are arranged in a way of coherence so that readers are able to interpret from what is being read. Yet, there are argument in terms of the word text and discourse. Like cohesion and coherence which needed to be distinguished, the inconsistencies of both terms have brought upon much confusion in studies done. Some researchers claimed to be doing text analysis but instead, have provided a study on discourse analysis albeit the basis of distinction of text and discourse as defined by Widdowson (1973; extracted from Widdowson, 2002); are the structure of sentences and usage of such sentences, respectively. But Widdowson (1978; Ibid.) himself did not maintain his definition and claimed later on, that discourse consists of sentences with properties such as cohesion and coherence. Much confusion led to many researchers to conclude that text is only used to refer to physi cal arrangement of linguistic signals on paper (Tadros, 1981), whereas discourse is used to refer to every investigation on the structure (supra-sentential) of any range of spoken or written language. Otherwise, this distinction is deemed unnecessary. Cohesion and coherence are analyzed based on individual texts and ergo, need to be distinguished. Cohesion correlates with the overt semantic relations whereas coherence deals with the relationship aspects of semantics, as well as pragmatics, within the text which are interpretable against the readers prior world knowledge (de Beaugrande Dressier 1981). In other words, cohesion deals with the surface level of text, whilst coherence serves as the underlying phenomenon in the text. Coherence is otherwise known as texture, features the combination of semantic configurations which is made up of register and cohesion. Cohesion, being the main focus of Halliday and Hasans work, is said to be a display of existing ties, between a presupposed item and a presupposing item that occurred in the text; thus making the text cohere. That said, Cohesion does not concern what a text means; it concerns how the text is constructed as a semantic edifice.(1976:26). Cohesion, thus contributes to the conn ectedness of the surface elements in the text (Berzlanovich, 2008), and builds the structure of the text in form of coherent sentences; which in the case of this paper, cohesion will be analyzed in the context of a local fashion magazines article. The way cohesion revolves around the text also depends on the varieties of discourse. Discourse here refers to verbal communication in its situational and social context (Ibid.). Since the roles of both cohesion and coherence occur interdependently with the type of genre, in some articles like academic discourse; it is found that conjunction is favored more as a cohesive link between sentences. Also, register-specific vocabulary in the text seems to be denoting as a primary factor for stronger cohesive effect, rather than general vocabulary (Teich Fankhauser, 2005). As for narrative structured articles like those from the fashion magazines, previous studies have found that the dominant characteristic typically found in narrative texts is referential cohesion especially when participant chains, anaphoric links, temporal and spatial progression are being investigated (Fox 1987, Berzlanovich, 2008). Lexical items are necessary in the organization of a discourse in order to consider its meanings semantically and whether those sentences are in association with the intended meanings in the text. Thus, lexical items are categorized into two groups: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion (Table 1, Appendix 1). Grammatical cohesion encompasses reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunctions, whilst lexical cohesion is classified into two types which are reiteration and collocation (Halliday Hasan, 1976). Previous studies have been published in abundance regarding textual cohesion and its devices. Nevertheless, so far to my knowledge, none of them has considered fashion magazine articles as a genre for analysis in the corpus of linguistic research, albeit many studies had been done in the area of language and gender but not from the linguistics aspect. Hence, an article from a local fashion magazine (Cleo) will be analyzed in relation to grammatical cohesion on one of its components- reference, which will be detected via the three dimensions as aforementioned: personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives (Appendix 2). Other dimensions of grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion will be considered for future works, whilst in this paper referential cohesion is chosen to observe the linkage between sentences within the text, with the context in existence. The significance of this paper underpins the twofold objectives. Firstly, it is hoped that this stu dy will be able to provide better understanding regarding the use of referential links in the way a cohesive text is constructed on the surface level of sentences. Secondly, the frequent use of cohesive links with functions and purposes, within sentences will help us gain insights in the aid of the readers interpretation of the text based on the type of genre examined (magazine article). As a result, the study on cohesion will help to put up with effective reading and writing altogether with word choices and paragraphing in texts and discourses. Finally, the present study provides a surface-leveled analysis of grammatical referential device; employed in the usage of English in this informal context. Literature Review Halliday and Hasan (1976) have provided the fundamental framework in the functional grammar studies; a lot especially on the studies of cohesion in many research conducted in this field. Although, other researchers like Werlich (1983) and Brinker (2005) have also made contributions in this field of study. Yet, none has offered detailed and distinguished differentiation in terms of cohesion and coherence. Halliday Hasan (1976) only uses cohesion whereas Werlich (1983) emphasizes in coherence whereas Brinker (2005) points out that the distinction between cohesion and coherence is not necessary. On the other hand, researchers like de Beaugrande Dressier (1981) offers explanation on the surface for both terms, and others followed suit. Most of their classification of cohesive devises branches out, primarily, into grammatical and lexical cohesion; in which the former will be the subject of concentration in this present study, primarily on reference. Apart from that, Halliday also claims from the view of a functionalist in grammar; that language structure is explained by derivation from function and that he and Hasan has established a diversified functional/ text unity, mostly on structural elements like lexical repetition, lexical inclusion and many others which have contributed to the studies of cohesion. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), grammatical cohesion is divided into four different devices as follows (Querol 2004, Mohamed-Sayidina, 2010): Reference: one element of the text is related to another one as aforementioned for its interpretation, with the use of pronouns (personal, comparative and demonstrative) Semantic relation is required in this mechanism. It in the subsequent sentence refers to being normal. E.g.: Look at what being normal involves in this culture. A lot of it is what the rest of the world aspires to- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Substitution: the replacement of an item with another word to substitute a word or sentence. Others here is used to substitute some areas from being repeated. E.g.: Also, we have our own set of abilities and talents; in some areas, well be above average, while in othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ellipsis: the head noun, main verb, or even the whole clause is subsequently omitted in the following sentence. Consider this statement, whereby the making of sacrifices is omitted from the line that continues. Supposedly; People who have extraordinary lives often have to make sacrifices that many of us wouldnt consider worthwhile (of making the sacrifices). E.g.: People who have extraordinary lives often have to make sacrifices that many of us wouldnt consider worthwhile. Conjunction: an invariable  grammatical particle to connect two words, sentences, phrases and clauses to create discursive connections. There are several types of conjunctions namely coordinating, correlative and subordinating conjunctions. E.g.: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦But when most of us wake up, life is much more prosaic, so we wonder what were doing wrong. Specifically, reference as defined by Halliday, is a participant or circumstantial element which is being introduced within the text at one point; either as a reference point preceded for the following phenomenon, or functions as a basis for comparison. Referential cohesion can be realized in three ways: personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives (Appendix 2). But in the in-depth analysis of referential cohesion, it does not only matter that these items exist in the text. It also matters if they (personal pronoun,  demonstrative  or  comparative) refer forward (anaphora) or backward (cataphora) to items  within  the text (endophora) or  outside  the text (exophora). Then again, readers might encounter some problems in relation to vague reference item, which neither refers to earlier  or  later  items  within  the text nor to entities  outside  the text, even if confined within the context. Thus, self-referential occurs w hen readers interpret the text based on their cultural or world knowledge. This situation is also known as homophora. All these may function as clue items to provide more information to words and phrases (Muto, n.d.). But in the case of this paper, the main concern of the study is solely to detect the frequent use of referential cohesive links in order for the text to flow from one interpretation to the next; personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives are the focus analysis. Hence, the present study does not include in-depth analysis on cohesion elements like anaphora, cataphora, endophora and exophora, or even other elements like ellipsis, substitution and conjunction are omitted, because this current study deals solely on the surface level of referential cohesive links (reference) although it is suggested that future studies should looked into those aspects aforementioned. For future studies, M.A.K Hallidays scope on references encompasses a wid e range of aspects to be looked into especially in the field of systemic functional grammar where more elaborated, technical works of grammar classification could be done in relevance to this current study. From lexical cohesion to grammatical cohesion, there are many research conducted in the field of cohesion and coherence, linguistically (Oliveria et.al, Klebanov Shamir 2006) or pragmatically (Kruijff-Korbayova Wolska 2008, Taboada 2004); yet, studies in this area are sensitive towards types of discourse, genre and text organizations (Berzlanovich, 2008). The study of this topic provides many helpful references and even contribute to the educational field (Muto, n.d., Mohamed-Sayidina, 2010), whereby analysis on lexical cohesion has been done on numerous students works. Also, the study on cohesion has led a group of researchers formulating a software called WordNet, to detect synsets (set of synonyms). As a result, more quantitative studies are conducted in the area of linguistics with the use of WordNet (Teich Fankhauser 2004, 2005). Consequently encouraging mixed method amongst the research done in analysis or application of the device. In the analysis of cohesion, the study is presented either in systemic inventory of cohesion or instances of cohesion in texts (Kunz 2008). Then, variations also play a part in the determination of the purpose of study. There are four types of variation which are variation over time, across registers, across languages, and across originals and translations. All the analysis can be done via theoretical and example-based analysis, in-depth text analysis or empirical analysis. In the present study, the instances of cohesion are analyzed from the text in a particular variation of a register (fashion magazine); in regards to how often the distribution of referential cohesions occur, via the method of surfaced text analysis per se. Methodology Data Collection An article was extracted from the local fashion magazine, namely Cleo. One article was adopted because it was due to pure intentions to merely detect the frequency of referential cohesive links throughout the text. In addition, these links are observed in terms of its occurrence in text apart from its connectivity within sentences. Fashion magazine was chosen because not many research have been done in this area of informal discourse, particularly in the feature of referential cohesion; most of the studies reflect on the academic (Mohamed-Sayidine 2010, Muto, n.d.), news (Oliveria et. al., n.d.), and formally written articles in magazines. No comparisons amongst genres were intended in this research; hence explains the reason for one article. Albeit comparisons amongst frequency of cohesive links used in various genres could lead to more future studies to be done. The researcher analyzed the article to detect types of referential cohesion based on an adaptation of methodology from Querol (2004) and its frequency of occurrence for each of the component- personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives, in order to observe the patterns of sentence construction with these cohesive elements. Firstly, personal pronouns will be observed from the determinative and possessive forms respectively. Then, demonstratives will be divided into specific demonstrative and non-specific demonstrative. Lastly, comparatives will be in terms of general and particular comparatives. The results are listed in Table 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Results Data Analysis Table 2 presents the total of occurrences of 74 for personal pronouns which include determinatives and possessives; as well as 50 and 10 for demonstratives and comparatives, respectively. Referential cohesion Total occurrences (Percentages) Personal Pronouns (determinative and possessive) 74 (55%) Demonstratives 50 (37%) Comparatives 10 (8%) Table 2: Total of occurrences according to types of reference. Then, in second place with total of 22 occurrences is calculated for determinative you/ yourself, preceded with determinative we /us, scoring the highest with a total of 24 occurrences. Determinatives such as they / them and it scored reasonably lower than the others with 9 and 10 occurrences respectively, whereas possessives pronouns like their/ theirs (3 occurrences) and its / our/ ours (6 occurrences) hardly occur throughout the text. Personal Pronouns Determinatives (No. of occurrences) Possessives (No. of occurrences) You/ yourself 22 She/ Her He/ Him They/ them 9 It 10 We /us 24 His Her/hers Their/ Theirs 3 Its / our/ ours 6 Table 3: Total of occurrences for Personal Pronouns (Determinative, Possessive). As for Table 4, specific demonstratives such as this, these, here, those, that are found quite common (27 occurrences) within the text if compared to non-specific demonstratives like it and the (23 occurrences). Otherwise, the results for total occurrences of demonstratives are quite consistent throughout the text unlike personal pronouns. Demonstratives Specific (No. of occurrences) Non-specific (No. of occurrences) This, these, here, those, that, there 27 It, the 23 Table 4: Total of occurrences for Demonstratives (Specific, Non-specific). The same scenario with almost equal consistency of results is also applicable to comparatives; with 4 occurrences for general comparatives (otherwise, apart from, instead of, also) whilst particular comparatives scored slightly higher with a total of 6 occurrences for words like much more, as many of, better than, pretty great / good and its better to. Thus, from the findings it is prominent that the highest form of occurrences falls on the personal pronoun category with almost half of the text (55%) construction is conformed to this particular referential link. Comparatives General (No. of occurrences) Particular (No. of occurrences) Otherwise Apart from Instead of Also 4 Much more As many of Better than pretty great / good Its better to 6 Table 5: Total of occurrences for Comparatives (General, Particular). Summary of Findings Different types of references will yield various results depending on the purpose of construction within the sentences. Discussion in this section of paper will be based on analysis of the highest occurrences per se from findings of each table (Table 2, 3, 4, and 5). As can be seen in Table 2, the highest total of occurrences is scored by personal pronouns (determinative and possessive) (55%), followed by demonstratives (37%) and lastly, comparatives (8%). Personal pronouns are defined as the pro-form which are  used to substitute the nouns. These pronouns are divided into determinatives (also determiner as the word modifier that determines the type of reference a noun/noun group has) and possessive (showing possession), albeit personal pronouns could sometimes function as a determinative but not in all cases. In the case of this study, the determinatives for personal pronouns are you/ yourself, she/her, he/him, they/them/ it, we/us. There has been much confusion which lies in diff erences of pronouns and determinative to the extent that some linguists viewed both of it to be closely related and that pronouns are in fact determiners without a noun / noun phrase. Nonetheless, a clear distinction between pronouns and determiners can be made with three main features that set the determiner apart from pronoun. A pronoun may be a determiner but a determiner cannot be a pronoun in the case of tagged questions. Examples (extracted from the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language) This is delicious, isnt  this? Also, pronouns cannot appear anywhere else except in between the verb and particle for phrasal verbs whereas determiners could be placed after a particle (example A). In addition, pronouns are said to be in the form of distinct genitive but determiners are not (example B). Example A: pick  it  up (correct) pick up  it (wrong) pick this up OR pick up this Example B: This is mine/yours/theirs. *This is alls. Personal pronouns reached the highest number of occurrences (74) as compared to demonstratives (50) and comparatives (10). The breakdown of the table into respective types of cohesion shows a higher reading generally in determinative (especially for we/us: 24 occurrences), instead of possessive. Such results are probably due to the type of genre and target audience which the text is focused upon. Hence the stylistic writing could be the choice of words used to manipulate readers mind. It shows solidarity and common grounds in terms of word use of we/us; which connotes the idea that readers and writers understand the situation and have common background knowledge for the context (de Beaugrande Dressier 1981). Sometimes, the we pronouns could be inclusive or exclusive if the writer wishes to include or exclude the audience from the text. Extract #1: The pressure to be anything but normal starts out young when were told how important it is to get good grades, and by the time were in our twenties, were suddenly feeling that we should be better paid, better looking and better travelled than our peers-in fact, better equals best. Extract #2: A lot of our fear of normality comes from a misplaced notion that we should be excelling in all areas of our life, otherwise were failing. One issue is that often what we think are our goals arent actually our own dreams-theyre what we believe society wants us to achieveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Hymes (1967) once created the Model of interaction of language and social setting and categorizes speech situation into eight components: namely setting, participants, form and content of text, intent and effect of ends, key, genre, medium, and interactional norms, which it is also stated that the text is formed also as a part of speech situation. Later on, researchers (Halliday, McIntosh and Strevens) offered another explanation for derivation of features from a situation in a text. Three main headings are proposed: Field, Mode and Tenor which describes how a context is able in its function to determine the intended meanings from the text conveyed. The Field is the overall event which includes subject-matter as part of the element in order to function as a text in whole altogether with the purposive activity of the audience. The Mode is the function of the text in the event, that means of its genre and types of discourse to be taken into consideration. Then, the Tenor is the type of role interaction in which the participants are involved in with the text whether its relevant or not. These features could help explain the situation in which the reader experiences with the text. Halliday (1976) also noted that the association of linguistic features with configuration of situational features as mentioned above (field, mode and te nor) forms a register in the text. Since the concept of cohesion as defined by Halliday (1976) is supported with register, the both can be effectively combined to constitute a text. Therefore, when the writer tries to form a purposive interaction with the reader based on the subject-matter of the text (Field) with relevance to its function and appropriateness (Mode), he or she tries to connect and convey the message to the public (Tenor) via the text read. As for demonstratives in the present study of text analysis, they are employed into sentences when the meaning of the context is dependent on other things rather than the relative physical location of the readers at the instance. This is also known as the discourse deixis and in other terms verbal pointing. This, these, here, those, that are specific demonstratives whereas it and the are non-specific demonstratives. Demonstratives, in table 4, have shown an almost equal reading of frequency (27 for specific; 23 for non-specific). Although, it seems that specific demonstratives is used more often throughout the text if compared to its counterpart. Words like this, these, here, those, that are apparent throughout the text compared to it and the. Yet, there has been much confusion in terms of the usage it. Here, it could be perceived as either a demonstrative or pronoun, depending on the semantic purpose of text. If it is a pronoun, it refers to the object of unknown gender or neuter. B ut if it functions as a demonstrative, the meaning of the word needs to fall back on the logic behind the text. For example, But, somehow, its become a byword for mundane and pedestrian. Of course, It in this sentence does not refer to a human being but the situation mentioned in the preceding sentence. The reader cannot simply comply with the meaning of word without referring to the context. The it substitutes a noun and this replaced noun is also known as the pronouns antecedent. In cases of anaphora, it becomes indecipherable without its context and thus the process of determining the intended meaning of antecedent. In addition, it might also be dummy pronouns, which mean that none of the semantic relations are needed in relation to the context. For instance, Its an understandable pressure to feel underà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Extract #3: Its the bright, shiny moments that we feel like broadcasting, so its easy to get the impression that someones life is fabulously fast-paced and exciting, but thats because it is only interesting to document that thrilling fraction. The interpretation of the text relies on the reference items within sentences, which can be interpreted in two ways; either the item is identified with referent in question or it is being implicitly compared to a referent. When identification is involved with the interpretation of the text, the reference item must always be specific and deitic (Halliday Hasan, 1976) because the identifying function for cohesive purposes must also be specific. Hence, this, these, here, those, that are more commonly used throughout the text. These demonstratives could function as modifier and head of the sentence. Based on Extract #4, there in the sentence, Theres some kind of Hollywood ideal out thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ functions as the Head of the former word, whereas the latter there works as a modifier for out. Apart from that, these words could apply anaphorically to mean the previous things which have been said or mentioned before between the interactions of the speaker/ writer and interlocutor/read er (Extract #5). Extract #4: Dr. Chris Day, psychologist and author of 52 Secrets of Psychology (Dennis Jones Associates), says that many young women feel that a normal existence isnt good enough. The pressure to be living this fun ideal life, knowing amazing people, doing amazing things. Theres some kind of Hollywood ideal out there that women aspire to. But when most of us wake up, life is much more prosaic, so we wonder what were doing wrong. Extract #5: Look at what being normal involves in this culture. A lot of it is what the rest of the world aspires to-sun, lifestyle, healthy food, friends, lots of public holidays, travel. Normal here is pretty good. Finally, comparative comes in the form of adjective or adverb, mostly to denote the property and degree of quality in which it is either greater or less in comparison of both entities. It is used in the context of subordinating conjunction (e.g. than, as..etc). Also, in comparatives, particular comparative occurred more often (6) compared to general ones (4). Particular comparatives refer to comparison in respect to quantity or quality. It is also expressed with aids from adjectives or adverbs. Examples of particular comparatives throughout the text are much more, as many of, better than, pretty great / good and its better to. General comparatives include both similarity and differences in comparatives, in terms of likeness and unlikeness whereby comparison of such is irrespective of any particular property. Such general comparatives take forms in phrases like otherwise, apart from, instead of and also. Since comparatives are used to make comparison of the degree in both entities, it is quite common in narrative and expository writings. Regarding the text chosen for this study, albeit its structure seems more alike an expository; but there is a party (psychologist Dr Chris Day) whom narrates and advises on the pertinent matter. Thus the text is written in a narrative style. Using more comparatives to make differentiation of pros and cons, phrases like apart from, instead of, much more, etc is apparent throughout the text. Limitations Much research can be done on the analysis of variations across languages, registers and even original articles and translation ones. In this current study, only general text analysis is conducted whereby the author decides to omit the theoretical and empirical analysis due to time constraints and lacked of sufficient resources. The author is also restricted in terms of systemic functional grammar knowledge; thus planned to look at a more generalized grammatical cohesion as her basis for the study. For suggestions, a more elaborated and in-depth text analysis on systemic functional grammar perspectives could be conducted in another study for reference in the future. Also, the analysis would not be precise because only the author herself is analyzing the text. Probably, another person could help in second analysis of the same text to make comparisons between both findings (number of occurrences). Also, no software is used to detect the readings; neither SPSS nor WordNet is applicable t o this study due to the nature of this study, partly due to the major time constraints that the author decides on a simpler form of method for analysis. Apart from that, more articles are needed for a substantial analysis to justify the substantive issues on grammatical cohesion. Perhaps, more than one genre (magazines, newspapers, etc) and different aspects of cohesion could be looked into; including the elements of anaphora, endophora, exophora and others to name a few. Not only that, such article from an informal context of pure reading pleasure could result in a more informal stylistic writing. Moreover, the quality control of the article also depends on the publishing company; which is vital in this case of the study. An error has been detected during analysis- note that in paragraph 10 of the text- the sentence should read as happier than those jetsettingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ instead of happier that those jetsetting. This could affect the reading of frequency if error not detected, reflecting the unreliability of the text. Conclusion Whilst the present study is focused merely on the grammatical aspect of referential cohesion, other dimensions of this study could be considered in terms of variations, analysis and types of discourse. In addition, the focus on reference in this study could also be expanded for future studies since the scope is widely ranged in this topic of linguistics. Methods could also be diversified with the help of software such as WordNet and even SPSS for quantitative approach. Textual patterns, linkage, ties and chains could be observed from various perspectives either from a formal or informal context. Fashion magazine was chosen because not many research have been done in an informal context of reading pleasure; most of the studies reflect on academic, news, report and formally written articles. Apart from cohesion, coherence could also be distinguished from the former with more studies done in various discourses, not to mention on the aspect of lexical cohesion as well since both cohesion and coherence are important characteristics in prominent texts (Celce-Marcia Olshtain 2000). Such study on the way cohesion links from one sentence to the next might provide suggestions in the comprehension of effective reading and writing, apart from word choices at semantic level in stylistic writing. Nevertheless, results found in the tables as aforementioned have shown reasonable occurrences across the genre to better understand the cohesiveness of text with help from referential links, whilst the frequency of these links occurred within the text indicates that this particular type of genre -narratives-involves particularly a significant use of pronouns in the making of the article. Ultimately, the understanding of cohesion provides a more comprehensive approach towards discourse analysis and text reading. Appendix 1 Grammatical Cohesion Reference Implies that the information is to be retrieved through the reference item is the referential meaning (pronouns and determiners personal, demonstrative and demonstrative)

Developmental Psychology Journal Articles Essay -- Papers

Developmental Psychology Journal Articles The five journal articles I examined were all from a journal titled Developmental Psychology, May 2000. The first journal article that I observed was "Sleep Patterns and Sleep Disruptions in School-Aged Children." This study assessed the sleep patterns, sleep disruptions, and sleepiness of school-age children. Sleep patterns of 140 children (72 boys and 68 girls; 2nd-, 4th-, and 6th-grade students) were evaluated with activity monitors (actigraphs). In addition, the children and their parents completed complementary sleep questionnaires and daily reports. The findings reflected significant age differences, indicating that older children have more delayed sleep onset times and increased reported daytime sleepiness. Girls were found to spend more time in sleep and to have an increased percentage of motionless sleep. Fragmented sleep was found in 18% of the children. No age differences were found in any of the sleep quality measures. Scores on objective sleep measures were associated with subjective reports of sleepiness. Family stress, parental age, and parental education were related to the child's sleep-wake measures. The next article I observed was "Shared Caregiving: Comparisons Between Home and Child-Care Settings." The experiences of 84 German toddlers (12-24 months old) who were either enrolled or not enrolled in child care were described with observational checklists from the time they woke up until they went to bed. The total amount of care experienced over the course of a weekday by 35 pairs of toddlers (1 member of each pair in child care, 1 member not) did not differ according to whether the toddlers spent time in child care. Although the child... ...h their mothers and their fathers on separate occasions in their families' homes. Parent-child pairs played for 8 minutes each with a feminine-stereotyped toy set (foods and plates) and a masculine-stereotyped toy set (track and cars). Levels of affiliation (engaging vs. distancing) and assertion (direct vs. non-direct) were rated on 7-point scales every 5 seconds from the videotapes for both parent and child. Overall, the play activity accounted for a large proportion of the variance in parents' and children's mean affiliation and assertion ratings. Some hypothesized gender-related differences in behavior were also observed. In addition, exploratory analyses revealed some differences between the different ethnic groups. The results highlight the importance of role modeling and activity settings in the socialization and social construction of gender.

Innovation of Toyota in Hybrid

Toyota Innovation Lecturer: Dr. Barbara Igel Group members: Mr. Nguyen Hoang Hai Ms. Pham Thi Thu Hoai Ms. Kieu Phuong Ly 1 Toyota Introduction †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Established: 28 August 1937 Entrepreneur: Mr. Kiichiro Toyoda Total unit sold (up to July 2012): 200mil cars Company achievement: ?Product development motivation ?Extraordinary capability to manage large & global product development portfolio ?Launch more new vehicles than competitors ?Consistently deliver winners ?Continuous innovation and development 2 Prius XW10 the first Toyota’s hybrid was given to the market in December 1997 3 Prius XW10 he first Toyota’s hybrid was given to the market in December 1997 The car can run by both the gasoline and electricity 4 Differences Regular Car Hybrid Car Gasoline Gasoline & electricity CO2 emissions Less CO2 emissions Noise Silence powering High fuel consumption Low fuel consumption 5 Green Prius Make your gas last longer, Make your save last longer and M ake your dream comes true 6 The first generation An Architecture Innovation Product Prius XW10 7 What kind of innovation in nth Generations of Toyota Prius? Prius V Prius C Prius Plug -in Incremental innovation products 8 Competitive AdvantageProduct Development Strategy Process Goals 9 Product development strategy ? Conceiving & designing news cars ? Durability & Reliability ? Increase capital investment & shorter R&D cycles ? Reduce market risk 10 Product Development Process ? Fine balance between â€Å"shusa† program leader & â€Å"bucho† functional leader ? Parallel-path development, manage design and engineering trade-offs, and ensure flexibility (Apollo 11) ? Good relationship with suppliers 11 Product Development Process (†¦cont) ? Focus on collaboration and process ? Capturing and sharing the knowledge experience ? Monozukuri (â€Å"making products†) coming irectly from hitozukuri (â€Å"making people†) 12 Product Development Goals Focus on p roduct value which perceived by customers Product Value GAP Product Cost 13 PRIUS – THE LEADER OF HYBRID CARS PRIUS Toyota Time of Sales Models Sold units (at the end of september 2012) INSIGHT Honda 1997 1999 5 (with three generation) 2 (with two generation) 2,804,900 1,000,000 14 Solution adopted by the company Source: (Dehoff K. & Loehr J. , 2007, Innovation Ability) 15 Innovation Framework (Igel B. , 2012, Innovation & Techno entrepreneurship course) 16 Source: (Dehoff K. & Loehr J. , 2007, Innovation Ability) 17Reasons ? Thick history development culture ? Toyota Way: â€Å"people is the heart and soul† & â€Å"is the determinant of â€Å" best practice† approach† 18 Reasons ? â€Å"Shusa† : program manager ? â€Å"bucho†: functional manger ? Balancing authority ? Culture: the program success goal sharing broadly through the company 19 Reasons ? Forward & back up solution are developed simultaneously ? Ensure timeline schedule ? Culture : better product by making innovation everyday 20 Reasons ? Investing the innovative capacities to longterm suppliers ? Culture: collectivism, long-term thinking, uncertain avoidance – HIGH 21 Reasons Capturing & sharing knowledge and experience, making it available ? Management by means not by results ? Culture: better product by making innovation everyday 22 Reasons ? â€Å"making product† emanate from â€Å"making people† ? Culture: People is the heart & soul of Toyota; the life of employees together with the life of the company. 23 Reasons ? Strong ? Core values: ? Personal accountability ? Continuous improvement ? Collaboration ? Elimination of waste 24 Source: (Dehoff K. & Loehr J. , 2007, Innovation Ability) 25 Apply in Vietnam? ?No 26 Source: (Dehoff K. & Loehr J. , 2007, Innovation Ability) 27 28

Abortion - ProLife Decision essays

Abortion - ProLife Decision essays Imagine youre sixteen years old, and youre sitting in the doctors office. A nurse approaches you, takes your boyfriend, your mother, and you into a room, are you nervous? You should be. The nurse breaks the news to you that you are pregnant. You start to cry and think of alternatives to not having this child, even though it is your responsibility. You call the doctor and schedule to have an abortion, not even knowing what it is. You now think the baby will not be your problem anymore, so why think twice, its what you want, isnt it? Since this person doesnt know the affects or even what abortion is, is there any way to tell her the truth and show her that abortion is not the answer in getting rid of your child. There are other alternatives that she could think of, and there are other ways of this baby being saved. First and foremost, what is abortion? Abortion is a way to end pregnancy by force, which is called an induced abortion, which can be done surgically or medically by taking a pills or injection to kill the baby inside of you. The two ways are very important in the abortion process, considering it is the way you are killing your baby. Surgical abortion has ways of removing the baby surgically. Three most common methods are manual vacuum aspiration, dilation and suction curettage, and dilation and evacuation. The method used depends on how long you have been pregnant - the number of days since the first day of your last period. To have an abortion surgically is not always one hundred percent effective and fails to end pregnancy only one out of every five hundred times preformed. (NOW, and Abortion Rights) The second option you are given in an abortion is to have the baby killed medically. Medical abortion is a way to end pregnancy without surgery. Recent studies show that medical abor tion works up to sixty-three days after the last period begins. (NOW, and Abortion Rights) ...

Axis of Evil essays

Axis of Evil essays George W. Bushs term Axis of Evil which he uses to describe a trio of countries, including Iraq, Iran, and North Korea is inappropriate regarding North Korea. In North Koreas case this term only promises to escalate tension between the United States and North Korea. This term has locked the United States - North Korean foreign policy at an enemy stance. It encourages a weapons race with North Korea as it heightens North Koreas fear of being attacked by the United States. Referring to North Korea as an evil terrorist, and aligning their country with the other countries that are the focus of the United States antiterrorism campaign, causes tension and debate throughout the two nations and the rest of the world that can be prevented. Placing the term evil on a country has many grave side consequences. In his 2002 State of the Union address George W. Bush stated, North Korea is a regime arming with missiles of mass destruction, while starving its citizens.... States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world. Calling North Korea evil has made our attempt to pursue peaceful diplomatic solutions to dangerous threats nearly impossible. As Joseph Montville, a retired foreign service officer, said in an interview on National Public Radios All Things Considered, The trouble with evil is that you can not make a deal with it; you have to kill it. Once you have put a state of people in the category of evil, you appear to be setting them up for some serious punishment. North Korea has always posed a security threat to the United States. North Korea refuses to disarm because nuclear weapons are the only power they have, due to their lack of natural resources and exports. Now, with the United States posing as a serious threat to North Korea their fear and security concerns have only wors ...

Theatre Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theatre - Research Paper Example Gabrielle as Laurey played the role with good and balanced qualities of naivety and intelligence. Shuler Hensley depicted Jud Fry’s character at its best. He started out as a fairly sorry and miserable person but slowly revealed his true character, one who is full of rage. In terms of their vocal capabilities, the three actors were excellent. Gabrielle’s voice was lovely and has beautiful voice and range. Hugh Jackman’s powerful voice and stage presence kept everyone’s attention to the play. Henley’s portrayal of Jud with his passionate voice allowed the audience to like him as well as despise him. The supporting casts were not also outdone in the play. Maureen Lipman stood out as the classic established matriarch who portrayed Aunt Eller. She depicted cleverness, tenderness and hardness due to what she went through in her life. Jimmy Johnston and Vicki Simon were good but quite conservative in their versions as Will Parker and Ado Annie. Pollycarpou’s portrayal of Ali Hakim was a bit of a setback since he sounded more of a New Yorker rather than a Middle Easterner. 2. Musical Theatre: a. This play is, obviously, a musical. In class we discussed how musical theatre lives somewhere outside of realism, but also outside of anti-realism. What is realistic in this play? What isnt? Oklahoma showcased the love stories of Curly McLain and Laurey Williams and Will Parker and Ado Annie which took place in Oklahoma. The story of the musical depicted the role of money, power and fear in marriage, and true love in real life. In earlier times, marriages can be bought with money and power. Wealthy people can have to power to choose and buy the women they want to marry. Jud Fry used his money and power to win the love of the one he was obsessed with, Laurey. In the case of Will Parker, he cannot marry his fiancà ©e Ado Annie if he cannot pay for $50 to Andrew Carnes, Ado’s father. Power and fear also have important roles in marriages before. Not every woman

Admission essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Admission - Essay Example My desires and success in special education did not just stop with my university education. Immediately after graduation, I accepted an opportunity for tutorial classes at Taibah University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Curriculum and Instruction as a tutorial fellow for one year. Since 1996, I have accumulated a remarkable wealth of knowledge in working with students with disabilities thus impacting positively on already learnt skills while at the same time giving me an opportunity to learn new ways of understanding the complexities that surround educational attainment of learners with special needs. The desire to improve the welfare of learners with special needs has also earned me both personal and professional development enabling me to articulate the theoretical aspects of special education into the reality and an extension enabling me to redesign neoclassical educational achievement of special education that seemed non existent within the classical arena. Over time, my remarkable performance has been accompanied by outstanding progress and improvement wich attracted distinguished promotions leading up being the Director of Hope Institute in Jeddah and CV. Within the period of direct contact with an array of ideas, perspectives and philophies of work, I have built a wealth of knowledge in special education leading up to accepting to join the first group of scholars to pursue the first stage Masters Degree at King Saud University with a full eye focus on Special Education, achieving excellent results. Based on this unique and rich experience, I ask myself, why not advance to a Doctorate level which will not only give me an opportunity to polish my hard earned skills but also empower me to contribute to the evolving world of Special Education scholarship through publications, seminars and taking up a lead in the dissemination of knowledge at the University to impel a generation conscious of the needs of

Computer utilization in ONE African or Mid-Eastern country as compared Essay

Computer utilization in ONE African or Mid-Eastern country as compared with computer utilization in the United States - Essay Example these social differences at the cultural level, the UAE is quickly becoming one of the most progressive users of computers in the world in areas of business, education, and general consumer society. In the United States, it is quite common to find people of varying demographics using the Internet for personal needs, varying from social networking sites, to online shopping, to even education by attending distance learning universities. There is no specific user profile for the Internet in the United States simply because it is quite common for people of all age and educational demographics to have a personal computer in their households. However, in the United Arab Emirates, the Internet user profile is typically a younger and professional male compared to the United States (Shen & Shakir, 2009). Where in the U.S. it is common to find a young male or female visiting social networking sites such as YouTube or Facebook, this goes against the traditional collectivist principles that founded the UAE regarding what is considered acceptable for gender roles. Many Arab youth females cannot show their faces to anyone unless they are in their close family and because of this they often d o not play online games, visit chat rooms, or even send emails (Shen & Shakir). This cultural difference tends to limit the Internet user profile to mostly professional and educated young men. Yahoo! Is becoming the number one Internet website in the UAE, where this is not especially true in the United States. Regular Yahoo! users in the UAE have crossed 1.5 million (ameinfo.com, 2006). In the U.S., it is common to have youths visiting Yahoo! for its Chat, Games and Music options. However, the UAE commonly finds people over the age of 30 on Yahoo! utilizing its more professional services such as Yahoo! News and Finance (ameinfo.com). This is a demographic difference in computer utilization between the UAE and the U.S. where in the West sites like Yahoo! are more for recreation where in the

Tonnage of the world Essay Example for Free

Tonnage of the world Essay A View From The Bridge is about a family, who live in Red Hook, the gullet of New York, which swallows the tonnage of the world. This family of three, comprising of an Uncle, Aunty and niece, are ordinary working class citizens who try to deal with some common, and uncommon problems in their lives. These problems include growing up and learning to let go, and conflicts with other relatives. From the first few lines of dialogue, I thought that Eddie and Catherine had a boyfriend and girlfriend relationship because when Catherine says Hi, Eddie! the stage directions tell us that Eddie is pleased and therefore shy about it To me, it seems that one would not be shy when ones niece said Hi, and also Eddie was pleased about it which led me to believe that the nature of their relationship was of that sort. Catherine buys a new skirt, which Eddie thinks is too short. Catherine tells Eddie that its the style now and that it isnt too short when she stands up. Eddie retaliates by saying that shes gotta sit down sometimes. Catherine carries on by saying if you see me walkin down the street to which Eddie quickly reacts by saying that shes walkin wavy. Catherine is adamant that shes not walking wavy, but then Eddie says that he dont like the looks theyre givin her in the candy store. This conflict is caused at the beginning of the play by Catherine growing up, and attracting the attention of male admirers, something that Eddie doesnt seem to like. Beatrice thinks that Eddie treats Catherine like a baby, as when she has the opportunity to become a stenographer, Eddie comes out with a feeble excuse to persuade her to not to take the job; I know that neighbourhood, B. I dont like it. Beatrice then says to Eddie that if nothin happened to her in this neighbourhood it aint gonna happen no place else, and makes a personal attack on him by saying shes seventeen years old, you gonna keep her in the house all her life? Beatrice doesnt understand Eddie as she thinks that he wants Catherine to have a good job, earning good money, but then he treats her like a child, so I think that Beatrice views Eddies relationship with Catherine as a father-daughter relationship; Eddie acting overprotective, and trying to make Catherines decisions for her. Rodolfo and Marco arrive in America, which has a dramatic impact on Eddies and Catherines relationship. As soon as Rodolfo arrives, we see that Catherine is attracted to him. She is enthralled by his singing and wondrously in love with his hair. When Catherine and Rodolfo go to the Brooklyn Paramount, Eddie tries to have a private conversation with Catherine, hinting at Rodolfo to go away. Catherine sticks up for Rodolfo saying, why dont you talk to him Eddie? He blesses you, and you dont talk to him hardly. This gives Eddie the chance to be ironic by saying, I bless you and you dont talk to me. Eddie feels that Catherine is running away from him, hence making their relationship together drift further and further apart. There is strong evidence that Eddie doesnt like Catherine going out with Rodolfo when they go to see a film at the Brooklyn Paramount. Eddie tells Beatrice that Rodolfo gives him the heebie-jeebies, and that he sings on the ships. Beatrice asks Eddie why he doesnt want Catherine Rodolfo to get married, as hes a nice fella, hard workin, and that hes good lookin. Also, Eddie seems to have a problem with Rodolfos wacky hair and that he just hopes thats his regular hair. Eddie is trying to insinuate that Rodolfo is gay or homosexual. Beatrice thinks Eddies crazy or sumpm, and tries to ignore his ridiculous remarks. Eddie also is very paranoid as he waits for Rodolfo and Catherine outside the house, treating them as little children; Its after eight. In the boxing scene, Eddie shows Rodolfo couple a passes, whilst everyone else watches them. Rodolfo dont know how to, but Eddie insists that he does. Beatrice asks Eddie whats he got to learn that for? and Eddies response is that somebodys liable to step on his foot or sumpm. Beatrice then tells Rodolfo to go ahead, as Eddies a good boxer and that he could learn from him. Meanwhile, in the kitchen, Catherine is making coffee, unaware what is going on in the other room. When Catherine does come in the room, she asks Beatrice what are they doin? with alarm. Beatrice replies by telling her that hes teachin him, and that hes very good! in a calm and relaxed way, as she only senses the comradeship, until Eddie mildly staggers Rodolfo, causing Marco to rise and Catherine to panic, shouting Eddie! After this incident, Rodolfo asks Catherine to dance, to the song, Paper Doll, which he sang when he arrived in the flat. This shows us that Rodolfo is standing up to Eddie, as when he first sang the song, Eddie told him to stop, in case he got picked up. Instead, he decided to dance to it, which is a safer option and may make Eddie a little bit angry. Meanwhile, Eddie sits down in his chair, when Marco places a chair in front of him. He asks Eddie Can you lift this chair? to which Eddie replies, What do you mean? Marco shows Eddie to lift it from the back, using only one arm. Eddie tries twice, but fails. By now, everyone is watching as Marco lifts the chair higher and higher, until the chair is raised over his head. Marco then smiles, triumphantly, leaving Eddie to absorb his look, and making him look weak and inferior; perhaps a warning telling him not to overstep the mark. In the boxing scene, each character feels differently towards Eddie, whether it is they feel threatened by Eddie, by him causing them direct anger, or by him causing anger, indirectly and vice versa. An example of direct anger being when Rodolfo was hit by Eddie, causing him anger as a result of Eddies action towards him. An example of indirect anger was when Rodolfo was hit by Eddie, causing Catherine anger, but not directly from Eddie towards her.

Setting And Story :: essays research papers

Setting and Story   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The setting in the story, â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, is very important to the story as a whole. In many situations it is needed to relay important ideas. There are three main things in the plot that give the story this special touch. One example is the color of the rooms of the abbey. The next thing is the seclusion of the abbey, This gives the characters a false sense of security and a sort of dramatic irony to the reader. The third thing in the setting was the era that story took place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The colors of the rooms play an important role in the story. Each room seems to take on a kind of theme some more obvious than others. The Black room represented the â€Å"Red Death† even though this is not stated the reader can assume this because the people avoid that room during the story. No one enters it until the â€Å"Red Death† kills the prince in it. The rooms add a lot to the story. They help convey the idea that their are two forces at work. The good and the bad, the bad being the red death, and the good being the party, full of life and excitement. They also help the reader see that the people would rather forget about the plague outside, and that helps the reader realize why the people where so opposed to the â€Å"Red Death† when he made his appearance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The seclusion of the abbey also adds to the story. The seclusion of the abbey gives the characters a sort of false sense of security. The characters believed that they would be safe from the plague by boarding up the gates and sealing themselves inside. When they where actually locking themselves into there own deaths, and by locking and welding the gates the author brings the attention of dramatic irony to the reader.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third thing in the plot that had a significant effect on the story was the time the story took place. The effect of this ordeal accruing during medieval times is the reader associates all the suspicions and mythological ideas of that time with the story, allowing the reader to more actually experience the emotions of the people of that time.

Kidney Stones Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of every thousand people in the United States, one person can say that they have experienced one of the most painful episodes one can go through. Some have said that compared to this, pregnancy is easy. Over half a million people will experience kidney stones this year, and a third of them will be hospitalized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kidney stones are hard, crystalline deposits in the kidney. They are usually hexagonal, eighty percent of which are made of calcium. These calcium stones are two to three times more common in men, and are most likely to reoccur. The calcium oxalate versions most likely result from eating specific food. One percent of stones are cystine stones, which have to do with the hereditary disorder cystinuria. Struvite makes another small percentage, and grow very large primarily in women, producing kidney damage and obstruction of the urinary tract. Struvite stones consist of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate, and are also called infected stones because they only form in infected urine. Another 8 percent of stones are made of uric acid, and half of the men that have this also have gout. These stones vary in size from microscopic to an inch in diameter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several symptoms of kidney stones. One is slowly increasing pain in the lower back and pelvis area, eventually leading to the groin. A constant urge to urinate is also a symptom. One of the more obvious ones is blood in th...

Analysis Essay

I. Frethorne, Richard. On Indentured Servitude. Edited by Howard Zinn, Anthony Arnove. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press, 2009 II. Frethorne talks about his miserable experience to be an indentured server. He writes the letter to his parents and describes the horrendous conditions he is in. Frethorne states some vital facts. He also writes that people who suffer as indentured servants are willing to lose either leg or arm but to move back to England. According to Frethrone he is working on plantation somewhere in Virginia that is located about ten miles away from Jamestown. He is begging his parents to either send him some money for good living or help him to return to England. Richard Frethorne emphasizes that his life depends on his parents and he hopes that his family is doing fine. III. Richard Frethorne’s letter provides and illuminating picture of the hardships of colonization in the early seventeenth century, especially for the class of indentured servants. Combating isolation, disease, homesickness, hunger and discomfort, Frethorne and his fellow settlers struggled to make a success of their fledgling community. Life in early Virginia was particularly challenging because of the shortage of supplies, the prevalence of disease, and tense relations with the Native Americans. The source is relevant to our course because it describes the social issue that was discussed in our class. Indentured servitude was cheaper for the rulers of British Empire before the moment when indentured servants became capable of surviving the seven-year period and acquiring the land that was promised to them. After that moment slavery of African Americans was demanded. IV. This source influences the interpretation of the historical narrative by providing extra information about the real situation in the colonies. People in England thought that indentured servitude was not a dangerous thing and was an easy way of claiming some land in America. However, Frethorn’s letter to his parents proves the opposite of what was thought. By provided examples of harsh conditions he states that all the servants who already arrived to America had desire to move back to England. He has no money to live. He is starving and afraid of the Indians invading, he begs his parents to hurry up and help his soon for his life depends on it. Of course there is possibility of poor Frethorne to exaggerate because the letter was addressed to his parents; therefore, he has a good discretion of what it might have been like to live  in New England at the time he was there in 1623. Indentured Servitude was a form of slavery but with a better name instead of calling things wit h its names.

Life is a Journey Vs Life is a Battle Essays - Adler, Alfred Adler

Life is a Journey Vs Life is a Battle Essays - Adler, Alfred Adler Life is a Journey Vs. Life is a Battle English 100 Effective College English I Prof. Stef Donev April 20, 2012 Adult Education Mortimer J. Adler makes many points in Adult Education, that gives understanding of what being educated is. Not only does Adler claim that wisdom and maturity is gained later on in life, but is also determined with the life experiences that one surpasses and goes through. There are some strong points that Adler states, but there are quite a few of them I completely disagree on myself. In one of Adlers statements, he informs that even though you have a high school diploma or degree, they are not educated. Part of the matter why I agree on this, is for the reason that when people finish any type of schooling, they are handed a paper perceiving that they graduated but are still in my opinion, not educated. Therefore, this still does not give them a level of maturity that most people have. It all depends on ones life occurrences that determines their level of maturity. Adler states many things I can definitely agree upon. He explains in We all know, and no one can deny, that no child- in school or at the moment of graduation is an educated person (59) , that even though you graduate or earn a degree, it does not automatically signify that you are educated. For the reason being, he is saying this because there are more things to learn in life and things that one will experience as life goes on. Adler also clarifies that just because you have finished what you have been striving for in school, there are still things that one has not been educated with even after you have accomplished schooling. When Adler speaks of I do not care what their chronological age is, whether it is fifteen or twenty-two. If they are still within the walls of a school, college, or university, they are children. They are living a protected, and in many ways an artificial life (61) he strongly informs us this, for the reason being that children are still dependent amongst their parents or guardians. They are provided shelter, clothes, and still are kept from the cruel reality of what the world has to offer them. Adlers sayings are meaning that you have not yet experienced the level of maturity that older individuals have gone through. Therefore, people that are in school, graduated or individuals that have earned a degree still lack life experience. I agree with this because, I still have not yet faced or experienced the harsh life after schooling, noting that I still am in school myself. I also correspond to the fact that we all cant mature without aging. He says this in, We cannot be mature without being aged, and aged through pain and suffering and grief. This kind of suffering, children are spared, but they pay a price for being spared it. I also agree on the fact that we all cant mature without aging. They remain immature, irresponsible, and unserious, in the basic sense of the world. (61) I completely disagree that they wont remain irresponsible and unserious as Adler addressed, but will eventually overcome them as life goes on. An example of what some people lack experience in are having children, getting married, paying bills, going to work, having someone dependent on one another. These are the experiences that help you mature. aging is part of what makes us mature. (61), which Adler states in the article. Some may agree, and some may not but thats how life is, in my opinion. The unremitting process of a learning experience that Adler tries to portray, is one of the main and strongest points in all of this article. It takes a great number of years to gain wisdom. Even after school there are many things that people will encounter in life to gain the knowledge needed. But even though the years you take for reaching a proper education wont be as needed, it will take years to accommodate intelligence or be wise and that is the most important thing. Knowing that the education learned, it will still become an impact later on in life. I feel

Profile of Serial Rapist and Torturer David Parker Ray

Profile of Serial Rapist and Torturer David Parker Ray David Parker Ray, also known as the Toy-Box Killer, was a serial rapist and torturer and suspected serial killer. Police in Arizona and New Mexico suspect that Ray was responsible for the murders of at least 60 people, based on accusations by his accomplices. Ray earned the moniker the Toy-Box Killer because he spent $100,000 sound-proofing and stocking a truck trailer with devices used to torture his victims. He referred to the trailer as the toy box. Early Years Ray was born in Belen, New Mexico, on November 6, 1939. His parents, Cecil and Nettie Ray, were poor and lived with Netties parents on a small ranch where they raised David and his younger sister Peggy. Cecil was an abusive drunk who lashed out at his wife and children. He eventually left Nettie and the children when David was 10 years old. After Cecil divorced Nettie, the decision was made to send David and Peggy to live with their grandparents on their rural ranch in Mountainair, New Mexico. Life for David and Peggy took a dramatic turn. Their grandfather, Ethan Ray, was nearing 70 years old and lived with strict standards which he expected the grandchildren to follow. Failure to follow his rules would often result in the children being physically disciplined. At school David, who was tall, shy and awkward, had a hard time fitting in and was often bullied by his classmates. Much of his spare time was spent alone drinking and using drugs. It was during this time that David Ray began to develop his secret fascination of sadomasochism. David Rays sister discovered his collection of erotic photographs of acts of bondage and sadomasochistic drawings. After high school, he worked as an auto mechanic before joining the Army, where he again worked as a mechanic. He received an honorable discharge from the Army. Years later, he told his fiancà © that his first victim was a woman he tied to a tree and tortured and murdered when he had just become a teenager. Whether this was true or materialized out of his constant fantasies of bondage and torture is unknown. The Escape On March 22, 1999, in Elephant Butte, New Mexico, 22-year-old Cynthia Vigil, covered in blood, naked and with a metal choker collar padlocked around her neck, was running for her life. She had no idea where she was and desperate to find help before her captors caught up with her, she spotted a mobile home with the front door opened. Cynthia ran inside, pleading for help from the shocked homeowner. The police arrived shortly afterward and listened as Cynthia told her terrifying story of kidnap and torture. Held as a Sex Slave She told them that a man and a woman had kidnapped her and held her as a sex slave for three days. There she was raped and tortured with whips, medical instruments, electric shock, and other sexual instruments until she managed to escape. The bruises, burns and puncture wounds that covered her body backed up her story. According to Cynthia, she met her captors in  Albuquerque  while working as a prostitute. The man had offered her $20 in exchange for oral sex and they went to his RV. Inside there was a woman who helped the man tie and gag her, along with placing a metal collar around her neck. They drove for over an hour before stopping and dragged Cynthia inside a trailer where she was chained to a bedpost. She then listened to an audiotape describing what would be happening to her while she was there. On the tape, a man she assumed was David Ray, explained that she was now a sex slave and she was to refer to him only as master and the woman with him as mistress and never to speak unless spoken to first. She would be naked and chained up, fed, and cared for like a dog. She would be tortured, raped, perform for friends while having sex with animals, subjected to anal penetration with large dildos and placed in various positions which exposed the private areas of her body. She was also warned that she was one of many slaves that had been held captive and many of those who did not cooperate, died. Fighting For Her Life A FBI team investigates the toy box trailer. Joe Raedle / Getty Images By the third day of her captivity, Cynthia had been exposed to electric shocks, endured being cattle prodded, whipped, and had medical instruments and large dildos inserted into her vagina and rectum. She was hung up and raped repeatedly by David Ray. Cynthia was certain that soon she was going to be killed. She managed to escape after Ray left the trailer and she got a hold of the keys and unlocked herself from the chain. She tried to call 9-1-1 but was interrupted by her female captor. The two fought and Cynthia managed to grab an ice pick and stab the woman in the neck. She then ran from the house and kept running until she found the mobile home. Cynthia provided the police with the location of the trailer, but they were already at the home after the 9-1-1 call abruptly ended. Inside The Toy Box David Parker Ray and his girlfriend, Cindy Lea Hendy were apprehended. During questioning the two stuck to the same story - that Cynthia was a heroin addict and they were trying to help her detoxify. A search of Rays property told another story. Inside Rays mobile home the police found evidence that backed up Cynthias story, including the audiotape. Inside another trailer that sat next to the mobile home was what detectives assumed was the Toy Box as Ray called it. Inside were various instruments of torture, drawn pictures of how Ray would torture his victims and various restraints, pulleys, whips, and sexual devices. However, the most shocking piece of evidence was a videotape of a woman being tortured by the couple. Ray and Hendy were arrested and charged with multiple counts including kidnapping. As the investigation continued, additional evidence revealed that there had been many more victims and more than just Ray and Hendy involved in the crimes. Investigators also suspected that along with Ray being a serial rapist, he was also likely a serial killer. Angelica Montano The problem that the authorities faced was Cynthias credibility. She was an admitted prostitute and there was no way to prove that she was not there willingly. But then, after the newspapers ran the story about the couples arrest, another victim came forward. Angelica Montano told police that she had also been kidnapped, raped and tortured by Ray and Hendy for three days, then drugged and left by a highway out in the desert. She was found by the police, but for unknown reasons, her complaint against the couple was never followed up. She decided to pursue it again after she saw that the two had been arrested. Kelly Garrett Investigators also found the woman that was on the videotape after they identified a tattoo on her ankle. Kelly Garrett, who was found in Colorado, had been married just a few days before she was held captive by Ray and his daughter, Jesse Ray. Jesse Ray, who was friends with Garrett, took her to a bar and drugged the beer that she was drinking. As Garrett struggled to leave the bar, Ray hit her on the head from behind. She was subjected to torture and rape for three days, then drugged and left on the side of the road near her in-laws home. Garretts in-laws assumed she had been on a drug binge, and she was still too confused to recall exactly what had happened. As a result, she was asked to leave and she returned to Colorado. As time went on she remembered more about her ordeal, but she still suffered from amnesia. Cindy Hendy: A Quick Turnaround Once in custody, Cindy Hendy was quick to turn on Ray in a plea deal that included a reduced sentence. She told investigators that Ray told her about 14 murders that he had committed and where some of the bodies had been dumped. She also told of some of the different ways Ray would torture his victims which included using a mirror which was mounted in the ceiling, above the gynecologist-type  table  he used to strap his victims to so that they would have to watch was being done to them. Ray would also put his victims in wooden contraptions that bent them over and immobilized them while he had his dogs rape them and sometimes other friends.   She also gave the names of other accomplices, which included Rays daughter, Glenda Jesse Ray and Dennis Roy Yancy. According to Hendy, Jesse and Dennis had participated in the murder of Dennis ex-girlfriend, 22-year-old Marie Parker. Dennis Roy Yancy: The Fear Factor Yancy was brought in for questioning and eventually admitted to being present when Ray and his daughter Jesse kidnapped Parker and took her to the Toy Box. After three days of torture, Ray and Jesse told Yancy to kill her, which he did by strangling her with a rope. Yancy said Ray threatened to kill him if he ever told anyone about it. Glenda Jean Jesse Ray: Complete Denial Jesse Ray denied having anything to do with her father, the abductions, or with the murder of Marie Parker. Sentencing Joe Raedle / Getty Images Cindy Hendy was sentenced to 36 years as agreed to in the plea bargain. She also testified against Ray during his trials. Dennis Roy Yancy received two 15-year sentences for second-degree murder and conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. He was released after serving 11 years, but returned to custody until 2021, after violating his parole. Jesse Ray was found guilty of kidnapping women for sexual torture and was sentenced to nine years in prison, six of which could be served out of prison and on parole. It was decided that David Parker Ray would be tried separately for each victim - Cynthia Vigil, Angelica Montano, and Kelly Garrett. He later agreed to a plea deal and he was sentenced to 224 years. Death On May 28, 2002, Ray died of a heart attack while on his way to an interrogation by state police at Lea County Correctional Facility.