Employment Law Midterm

Employment Law Midterm 1. DePeters, Co. is sued for sex discrimination on the grounds that too few women are hired because fewer women than men achieve passing scores on a required manual dexterity and physical strength test. DePeters, Co. offers in its defense that even though fewer women score high enough on the test, a greater percentage of the passing women are hired. The company maintains that, as a result, the percentage of women in the workforce mirrors the percentage of available women in the labor pool. A group of women who took the test and failed file suit.Explain the basis for the cause of action, and analyze the merits of the cause of action, employer defenses, and likely outcome. Support your response with applicable law. (Chapter 6) The women would file suit, alleging a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, alleging that the test has a disparate impact upon women. Even though a greater percentage of the passing women are hired, the employer's process of arriving at the bottom-line figures should be scrutinized for disparate impact. This situation is similar to the case of  Connecticut v.Teal, 457 U. S. 440  (1982), in which the Supreme Court held that the â€Å"bottom-line† result does not preclude employees from establishing a prima facie case, nor does it provide the employer with a defense. Although the percentage of the women in the workforce mirrors the percentage of available women in the labor pool, the test still results in fewer women passing it than men. Therefore, the test has a disparate impact upon women. The employer's defense to this suit would be that passing the test is a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ).DePeters would argue that the job required manual dexterity and physical strength similar to that which is tested. If they were able to show that passing the test was reasonably necessary to their particular business, they may have a valid defense against the claim. The burden of proof woul d be on DePeters to show the similarity between the positions and the test, and that the dexterity and strength were bona fide occupational qualifications. If they were unable to meet that burden, the women would likely be successful in their claim. 2. Shaun, a woman of Hispanic origin, waits tables at Mongomey's Restaurant.Phil, an African-American local businessman who frequently brings clients to Mongomey's for lunch, dislikes Hispanics. As a result, he lies to the owner of the restaurant and tells the owner that Shaun referred to him by an ugly racial epithet. Once this complaint is brought to Shaun's attention,  she is demoted from waitress to dishwasher. Shaun filed a Title VII claim against Phil, even though Shaun works for Mongomey's, not for Phil. Analyze the basis for the cause of action, the company exposure, steps that could have been taken by the company to reduce exposure, the outcome, and support for the outcome.Utilize applicable law in your analysis. Title VII is applied to employer-employee relationships. If a customer made it a hostile environment, then the employer would be liable towards the employee, but in this instance, the employee has sued the customer. Phil is a customer, not an owner or operator of Shaun's establishment. Title VII states that â€Å"(a) It shall be unlawful employment practice for an employer†¦ † Here, we have to stop. Phil is not an employer of Shaun and cannot be held accountable under Title VII since this encompasses employment, not general discrimination.Shaun would need to investigate local state laws and ordinances to see what action she could take against Phil. Most likely, she has a slander charge against Phil rather than any kind of Title VII ruling. Though Phil brings clients to this restaurant frequently, this by no means makes him an employer of Shaun. That would make an unreasonable burden on everyone who encounters a waiter or waitress since the customers could now be considered that perso n's employer. Phil does not pay employment taxes for Shaun nor places her on his payroll, and any tips he has left have been for her services and do not constitute any kind of salary.Also, Phil's office may contain less than 15 employees and not even under the realm of Title VII. No, Shaun needs to chase her employer, not Phil, the customer. Again, Shaun should investigate local ordinances and state laws to see what is out there to use against Phil. 3. Pugh worked for See's Candies, Inc. for 32 years. He had started out as a dishwasher, worked his way up to vice president of production, and was also on the Board of Directors. When he was hired, he was told by the president and general manager, â€Å"If you are loyal and do a good job, your future is secure.   The president had a policy of only terminating employees for good cause, and that policy was continued by his successor. During the entire period of Pugh's employment, his performance had never been formally evaluated or cri ticized, and  he was never denied a raise or bonus. After the company had set sales records for the Christmas and Valentine's Day seasons, Pugh was called into the president's office and told that he was fired. He was not given a reason for his discharge, but he suspects that he was fired because he objected to the  sweetheart  relationship that the company had with the union representing its workers.Does Pugh have a cause of action for wrongful discharge? If so, what could the company have done to minimize exposure? The court held that Pugh had stated a cause of action for wrongful discharge under an implied contract. The president's statement and the policy of discharging only for good cause created a contract offer that he accepted by continuing his employment with See's. One of the exceptions to at-will-employment is an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. This covenant is an implied contractual obligation to act in good faith in the fulfillment of each party's contractual duties.Under this exception, both employer and employee enter into a contractual relationship in which the particulars of why and when an employee can be terminated  are not specifically addressed in the agreement. When Pugh was hired, he was told that if he does a good job, his future is secure. Pugh could argue that he understood this statement as a promise by the company to continue employing him as long as he remained a good performer. The next factor to consider is the company's policy for termination. The company appears to have a very specific and well understood policy  that states that it will only terminate employees for good cause.Although this policy may not be in writing in an employee handbook, Pugh could argue that this policy is implied and relates to all employment relationships, including his own. Given these facts, it appears that Pugh could prove that his termination was not in compliance with the company's policy for terminations. Since the comp any would not give him a reason for his discharge, this further proves that he most likely was not terminated for good cause. Also, since Pugh's performance had never been evaluated or criticized in 32 years, it does not appear that the  company could prove that he was terminated due to poor performance.

Doing Homework Via Internet Essay

Have you ever done your homework without handling either pen or paper? This is extremely doable, thanks to the rapid growth of internet. Internet is a technology that allows citizens easily access or get information from all around the world regardless of space and time. Internet has dominated the business and communication area. Indeed, nowadays most of citizens build a network and business, market their product or service, and do online transaction in the internet. Likewise, internet begins to penetrate into education area. People today, especially students, can do their homework online by using internet, namely, they are using online assignment. It is kind of homework for students which is uploaded by teachers in the internet, and students have to do it online before the deadline. Online assignment’s popularity increased day by day due to its benefits for educational institutions. There are respectively two benefits of using online assignment for both students and teachers. To start with, there are two benefits of using online assignment for students. First, online assignment increases students’ intellegence. Online assignment allows more practice questions that can be used for exam preparation. It encourages students to stay focus on the course material. While students are doing the online assignment, they are provided with a number of attempts to submit their answers and immediate feedback. Students can master the course material by always trying to find the way to solve the questions and correcting their own mistakes. This process is splendidly helpful in polishing the students’ brain and increasing their intellegence. Secondly, online assignment improves students’ chance of success. It encourages students to find more material online. Students can access various sources on the web. Online assignment also provides a video lecture and flash animations which display some principles and show how they are applied. Students can find alot of different type of questions that they cannot find in the book. These features can enable students to easily achieve their goal to fully understand the course materials. Besides, nowadays most of students are smart in using technology devices such as mobile phone and laptop. Therefore, by setting up students’ homework accessible in their devices will increase their interest in learning. That is, online assignment will also result in students’ motivation for the lessons in general. In addition, there are two more benefits of using online assignment for teachers. First, online assignment provides teachers with less work. The process of collecting and grading homework assignment is easier for teachers. Especially for larger classroms, it saves time and energy. Teachers no longer have to spend a lot of hours for grading and correcting homework. Thus, teachers can put more their time into other activities such as extending their office hours for more personal contact with their students. Secondly, online assignment provides an instant feedback for teachers. Teachers can observe the difficult or easy questions for students. They can evaluate the weakness and strengths of their students, which allows teachers to prepare their lecture course material accordingly. For example, thanks to the feedback they get, they may give more time in explaining the problematic units in a more detailed way and can assign some more assignments to ensure that students have comprehended the problematic units. To sum up, since the changing prospect of internet, online assignment has started to play a role in the educational institutions. Online assignment improves students’ understanding of the course material, which also helps them to get higher test scores. Furthermore, it saves time and energy, which mean gives teachers more time to prepare their lecture in explaining the problematic units. Thus, it is clear then, online assignment has great benefits for both students and teachers. It is reasonable to expect that soon that online assignment will be used by all educational institutions in the world for the better future of education.

On The Morning of Christ’s Nativity: An Application of The Bible to the Work of John Milton

Milton's Nativity Ode contains a â€Å"theory of all things† in respect to his vision. This theory deals greatly with the idea that the human body is merely a tomb for the soul. While in the Bible we have been taking the body of the King to represent the whole land. The death of the King is in comparison the death of the land. Like the Kings of Christ's time, Milton writes to bring attention to the three types of liberty he hoped to achieve in England: Liberty from the Church [tyranny of the bishops], liberty of the individual [divorce and education], and liberty from the state [King]. The poem can be broken down into four parts: the first eight verses deal with the coming of Christ, the next ten with the mystery of music, verse nineteen and forward focus on the silencing of the oracles and concludes with verse twenty-seven and the birth of Christ. In â€Å"On the Morning of Christ's Nativity† Milton sees both Christmas and Easter as the same thing since it is impossible to have one without the other. The baby in the cradle is the man on the cross. John Milton's â€Å"On The Morning of Christ's Nativity† uses the idea of the Jesus of history and the Christ of fact to relay his ideas of the creation of the world and the synonymous events. Comparison can be drawn between John Gospel and â€Å"On the Morning of Christ's Nativity† for it is an intensely symbolic book. John's version of Christ is a Christ of Faith, which has a plays a large part in the Ode. In the fifth verse of the â€Å"Nativity Ode† Milton declares that the saviour would come and sacrifice himself for mankind and work with his father to create â€Å"perpetual peace† (7]. In the glorification of Jesus in John's Gospel, the spirit makes him known as the Son of God. In the first hymn of the poem Christ is compared to nature and the natural world. For Milton, harmony can only be found in nature; nature has a deeper meaning then is initially revealed to the reader. Snow is able to cover the earth and blanket all of its sins. Nature takes the form of trees and rivers in the Old Testament; the Trees of Knowledge and Life as well as the Rivers of Eden [Pison, Gihon, Hiddekel, and Euphrates]. As in comparison, in relation to the serpent, Milton uses the dragon to signify everything that is evil in the world. In classical mythology the dragon signifies the same as the serpent that tempted Eve in the Garden of Eden: The old dragon underground In straiter limits bound, Not half so far casts his usurped sway, And wroth to see his kingdom fail. [168-171] The Classics give you a limited and partial image of the truth. Milton uses classical mythology to prove that even in a pagan religion snakes are equated with evil doings. The slaying of the dragon is connected to every dragon slaying known to Milton from both the Biblical and Classical worlds. Milton recounts the story of how as an infant Hercules strangled two snakes: Not Typhon huge ending in snaky twine: Our babe to show his Godhead true, Can in his swaddling bands control the damned crew. [226-228]. Classical mythology, or the belief in it cannot save your soul but it can give you a nudge in the right direction. While in the poem Christ is replacing the classical culture he is also part of classical antiquity. At the closing of the poem we return to the musical serenade of the angels and the angel harmony as the angels sin in order serviceably. St. Paul like Milton believed that the body was merely a tomb for the soul: a container that while it was fallen could through acts of salvation help the soul return to a state of grace after death. Death as we see it is not really death then by the standards of Milton; death only wounds the physical body and allows the soul/spirit to return to the heavens. With death comes liberty, from the church, self and state. To St. Paul the body of mankind was an ever perishing home to an eternal soul. This is a recurrent theme in the narrative of the Bible, a story of loss and recuperation. Milton's â€Å"On the Morning of Christ's Nativity† calls on many images and ideas that are expressed in the Old and New Testament's of the King James Bible from the idea that the King is the land, the body is a vessel for the soul and that the snake/serpent and dragon are all representative of evil whether examining Biblical or Classical literature. Milton uses Biblical allusion and references to give his argument weight with his reader who would have surely at that time been familiar enough with the middles to draw the comparisons quickly and effectively. Top of Form Bottom of Form

Management 3010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Management 3010 - Essay Example lity, alignment and engagement should also be assessed as they are three competencies that every company requires to succeed in the current business environment. Jean Martin (2013), further states that talent management drives tremendous business results and points out some of the associated trends. The first trend that she considers is the changes in the complicated new work environment as far as the structure of the organization is concerned which has resulted in a shift in the manner in which work gets done. There have also been shifts in the number of people who are required to make decisions in companies in the past several years as well as changes in demographics in the workforce with has resulted in the workforce of organizations having three to four generations of workers working together. These different generations may have varying preferences, knowledge backgrounds and work styles. Additionally, employees have to deal with the new complicated work environment of organizations while at the same time seeking more from what they have creating a difficult changed environment. With the changes in the environment of the organization, th e demands for better performance from the workers have increased straining them with newer realities like changes in the amount of work that needs collaboration with other workers. According to Jean Martin (2013), four generations constitute the current workforce. These generations include the veterans, who are those that were born prior to 1946 and are associated with a strong work ethic. Majority of them served in the military and thus usually respect their seniors, while being associated with dedication and self-sacrifice. The baby boomers are those who were born in 1946 and 1964 and are thought to have come up with the sixty-hour workweek whilst being too competitive in some instance. This generation of workers turns endings to beginnings and they consider retirement as the beginning of their career’s transition. The

Ethical issues in the treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea with EXercise Research Paper

Ethical issues in the treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea with EXercise independently - Research Paper Example The increasing in OSA prevalence had motivated researchers to create over 400 studies regarding this disorder in a time frame of five or more years (Vanhecke, 2008). There are various surgical and/or non-surgical interventions which the disorder of OSA can be treated (Kline et al., 2011; Lam et al., 2007). CPAP is the most common non-surgical effective used to treat OSA (Kline et al., 2011). CPAP is considered quite inexpensive in comparison to surgical intervention. However, the problem with CPAP is a poor compliance with CPAP (Kline et al., 2011). Therefore, considering another line for treating OSA may be benefit. Exercise revealed a significant reduction in OSA severity when used as an adjuvant therapy (Netzer et al., 1997; Norman et al., 2000; Giebelhaus et al., 2000; Ackel-D’ Elia et al., 2011). In contrary, exercise alone reported to be less effective in treating OSA comparing with oral appliance as well as one day without use of CPAP and oral compliance reported in wor sening the OSA severity (Ferguson et al., 2006; Caples et al., 2010; Kribbs et al., 1993). Despite these evidences recently, few researchers utilized exercise independently to treat OSA in a randomize control trial (Kline et al., 2012; Kline et al., 2011; Sengul el at., 2011). ... Furthermore, the most important considerations in looking at the ethics of a research study are the magnitude of the potential harm, the significance of the knowledge to be learned, the likelihood that the research will produce such knowledge, and the methods chosen to minimize the potential harm to the subjects. This paper critically discusses and analyzes the ethical considerations for subject’s involvement in research that utilized exercise independently in treating OSA, focusing on autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence. Cure of OSA: The effects of ‘Obstructive Sleep Apnea have been evaluated to be harmful today more than ever before†. Patient realizes in severe cases that their controls over his/her sleep or rest condition is growing enfeebled with time. For psychologists it is a major cause of contorted dream pattern and has adverse effects on patient’s personality. Many people are not aware of this disease unless mention and repeated comp laint with the partner is made. In severe cases the patient himself feels too much perturbed with the disturbance that cause choking of the breathing. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is akin to the hamsters where calm conditions for rest are not achieved. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is often caused due to the relaxation of the throat’s soft tissue to such a level that it collapses causing airway blockage. The slack which in this type of unconscious can be harmful has been observed with a varying degree of treatments (MacDonald). Accentuating Exercise for the Treatment of OSA: Interestingly, Obstructive Sleep Apnea is linked with snoring because of having same causes as far as physiological construct and disposition is concerned. Many studies have been conducted with proven results. In order to cure Obstructive Sleep

NURSING RESEARCH CRITIQUE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Assignment

NURSING RESEARCH CRITIQUE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - Assignment Example The method was not well described, but it is a good method because it focuses on fully understanding the everyday experiences, of the nurses, the relatives and the patients while in ICU. 5. Ethical aspects were considered. The participants were informed of what they would be going through, and they signed a consent form. Besides, the research was approved by the institutional review board at a recognized university and the hospital where the research was done. 6. Participants included five nurses, five patients and five family members. The researcher describes the criteria for choosing the participants, for example, the patients should be mentally stable, and the nurses were experienced, fully qualified and registered. The purposeful sampling strategy was used. However, we are not told how the sample size was determined. 8. The researcher describes the process of collecting and recording the data. Data was collected through audiotaped interviews. The second interview was done four days after the first to clarify the data. The researcher stopped collecting the data when data saturation was achieved. There were no biases in data collection since all the participants were treated the same way. 9. A professional transcriptionist transcribed the taped interviews, and the data was then analyzed by Van Manen’s selective, holistic and detailed line-by-line approach. The researcher put him/herself in the shoes of the participant for better understanding. So as to understand the participants experiences, theme analysis was done through triangulation of the data obtained from the three categories. The method of analysis used is fit for such qualitative research. 10. From the research, it was found that nurses view both the patient and the relatives as a family. Nurses were regarded as part of the family too. Nurses suggested that it was important for relatives to be with the patient most of the time for spiritual and psychological

Career Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Career Managment - Assignment Example The starting salary for this position is  £16,000 per year. As the individual gains experience and skill, they can earn over  £100,000 per year. This position is similar to compliance in that the individual can do consultancy, they can also do a variety of other jobs. In this capacity, they use a wider array of business skills than the Compliance Analyst. This job is for people who like variety because they can do â€Å"business advisory, taxation, audit and assurance, corporate recovery and insolvency, corporate finance, forensic accounting and compliance†. The Investment Manager focuses on providing investment information to their clients. These investments could be anything from â€Å"equities, bonds, property, and cash†. The clients for this position well are large corporations with a lot of money to invest or individuals. Investment manager works closely with investment analysis that analyses the investments on a regular basis. The best way to talk about similarities and differences is through an understanding of their skills and experience that is needed. All three positions require people skills. The Management Consultancy and Investment Analysis also state that the candidate must be strong in numerical skills and numerical reasoning. The compliance position needs excellent report writing skills but the other two do not list this as necessary. All three positions require the ability to work with teams. The Management Consultancy and Investment Analyst also require a background in business. The entry-level qualifications are very similar. It is suggested that a graduate programme is necessary.

Tiger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tiger - Essay Example Tiger shows how, in the modern world, as individuals get older, they want their children close, while at the same time their children wish to live their own lives independent of their parents. In this story, Essie is depicted as a mother who wants only the best for her daughter and she does all that she can to ensure that Marian not only marries an Indian man but also settles down close to her (Jones 2). However, this does not happen and Marian instead ends up marrying Daniel, a man from far off America who Essie does not approve of because of his mild demeanor as well as his not being Catholic. This is a scenario which is often played out in many families as mothers, believing that they know what is best for their children, tend not to approve of their choices in life and instead choose to interfere in their lives. This creates a situation where it is difficult for mothers and these children to get along because it seems that each is living firm in their own beliefs. Such an incident has taken place in my family where an aunt of mine did not approve of her son’s choosing to marry a woman from another country and his decision to settle in his wife’s homeland . This situation brought a lot of friction between my aunt and her son and it has gone on for more than a decade now with none of them becoming flexible in their position. My aunt took an instant dislike to her daughter in-law and whenever they visited, she all but ignored her. However, despite my aunt’s dislike for her son’s wife, she adores their three children to such an extent that she would do anything for them. She always waits anxiously for them to visit every year so that she can spend her time with them. It is these children who have ensured that the connection between my aunt and cousin does not die because their being born made it possible for the latter to at least live on good terms for their sake. In

Entrepreneur Project Part II Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Entrepreneur Project Part II - Research Paper Example (Longley, 2004). This shows that a large percentage of US population will comprise of people above the age of 65. The idea of starting this project was to enter into a business that has not been fully ventured into by different organizations. Our research into the idea showed that not many organizations are providing all the services and home-like environment in adults care centres. That is why it is a great opportunity to enter into the business and take advantage of the financial benefits that it provides. The vision statement therefore refers to being the most sought-after organization in adult care, among the families of the old age people and the old age people themselves. By providing different services like physical and mental health care, personalized care, providing equipment for people with disabilities, teaching home-based care, and providing home like environment and networking with other elder people can make our organization reach high demand among the targeted population. The vision aims to be the best at what we are going to provide. The organization will not be any small sized adult day care centre. It aims to provide a variety of services to the old people so that they are comfortable, are taken care of, and feel like they are at home. President: The president of the organization is the top head of the organization. S/he belongs to the upper most tier of the organization. The president will deal with all the highly strategic decision making process. The president does not go into the details of the minute things happening in the business. S/he will just guide the department heads and CEO with the overall running of the business. Only extremely important and major decisions will be finalized under his/her leadership. For example a decision to open the business in a new country will need the consent of President. Therefore President will be the leader of the entire organization and its

The Impact of the FCAT-based learning system on English Language Learners Essay Example for Free

The Impact of the FCAT-based learning system on English Language Learners Essay The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) is a high stakes mandatory evaluation for students in elementary public schools in the state of Florida. It is famed for gains in student achievement and teacher accountability. On the flip side, it is dreaded for test anxiety in students, and a state administered bonus incentive to top performing schools among other flaws. It is unfair to subject non-English speakers to the FCAT. As defined in section 1001.56 of the Florida Statutes; English Language Learners (ELLs) means Limited English Proficient. These are individuals who do not speak English as their primary language and who have a limited ability to read, speak, write, or understand English. (Florida Administrative Weekly). The researcher admits that they did not factor in ELLs in their survey questions. However he compensates for this with a recommendation as well as a good number of insightful comments from respondents. This could be a pointer that ELLs could be ignored by the Florida state education system. This could lead to protests and hate speech from minorities. A respondent commented: It is ridiculous for second language learners to take the FCAT as soon as they enter the country! Research indicates it takes as many as six years for students to be able to reason and express themselves in writing in a second language! FCAT standards have been found to be failing under the rules of the federal ‘No Child Left Behind’ legislation. This mandatory test exacerbates the school drop out problem in Florida.(FCAT Project) In conclusion the FCAT system is not fair to ELLs. There are other tests like ACT, SAT in line with Sunshine State Standards (Florida Department of Education) that can be used. If this system is to be popular, then policy makers need to work on its flaws. Works Cited â€Å"Accommodations of the Statewide Assessment Program Instruments and Procedures for English Language Learners.† Florida Administrative Weekly and Florida Administrative Code. May 5, 2009, May 7, 2010. https://www.flrules.org/gateway/RuleNo.asp?id=6A-6.09091

Strategic Corporate Development History Of Cadbury Marketing Essay

Strategic Corporate Development History Of Cadbury Marketing Essay Strategic management is the dynamic process of formulation, implementation, evaluation and control of strategies to realize the organizations strategic intent. Strategic management is a dynamic process. In this particular course work of strategic planning module the company which I have selected is Cadbury India, a company with a great marketing structure, strategic planning and with a strong value among the customers all over the globe. Company History Cadbury India The Company was incorporated on 19th July 1948, as a private limited company under the name of Cadbury-Fry (India) Private Limited and commences business soon thereafter. Gradually the Company undertook at its own cost and responsibility the development of cocoa growing in the country. A specialist cocoa advisory service was created. A cocoa research centre was also created together with seeding nurseries and distribution centers. Through its subsidiary, Induri Farm Ltd., the Company had set up facilities near Pune to breed cattle that would give improved yield of milk at economic feeding costs. Strategic Corporate Development History of Cadbury Inc . 1919 undertook a merger with J. S. Fry Sons, another chocolate manufacturer which saw the integration of well-known brands such as Frys Chocolate Cream and Frys Turkish Delight Cadbury merged with drinks company Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969 Cadbury Schweppes went on to acquire Sunkist, Canada Dry, Typhoo Tea and more. In the US, Schweppes Beverages was created and the manufactures of Cadbury confectionery brands were licensed to Hersheys. Triarc sold Snapple, Mistic and Stewarts (formerly Cable Car Beverage) to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $1.45  billion. In October of that same year, Cadbury Schweppes purchased Royal Crown from Triarc. In March 2007, it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes was planning to split its business into two separate entities: one focusing on its main chocolate and confectionery market; the other on its US drinks business. The demerger took effect on 2 May 2008, with the drinks business becoming Dr. Pepper Snapple Group Inc. In December 2008 it was announced that Cadbury was to sell its Australian beverage unit to Asahi Breweries. In 2008 Monkhill Confectionery, the Own Label trading division of Cadbury Trebor Bassett was sold to Tangerine Confectionery for  £58million cash. This sale included factories at Pontefract, Cleckheaton and York and a distribution centre near Chesterfield, and the transfer of around 800 employees. On 19 January 2010, it was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for  £8.40 per share, valuing Cadbury at  £11.5bn (US$18.9bn). Kraft, which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a global confectionery leader, had to borrow  £7  billion (US$11.5bn) in order to finance the takeover. These are the main strategic developments, which took place within Cadbury Inc. till now. Cadbury Inc has taken major strategic decision throughout their operations but at the end it is being taken over by Krafts. Above-mentioned are the strategic developments of Cadbury Inc. Cadbury India has applied both Corporate-Level Strategies as well as Business-Level Strategies. Corporate-Level Strategies and business-Level Strategies of Cadbury India Introduction of new product-line named Star and Gems chocolates in 1967 and 1968 respectively. After the conversion of Cadbury India from private limited company to public limited company on 11th June in 1977, an agreement was entered into with Cadbury Overseas Ltd., (COL) U.K., on 3rd May1977, for technical services concerning new products and processes. Cadbury India entered into an agreement with CSOL for the grant of a license for continued use of the word `Cadbury as part of the Companys corporate name. Industrial license for the apple juice project was received and the project was commissioned on 16th September, 1980. On 17th December 1982, the name of the Company was changed from Cadbury India Ltd. to Hindustan Cocoa Products Ltd., consequent to 60% of its shares being held by the Indian public. In 1985, Cadbury India explored the possibilities of entering into the business of software export. In 1987, in chocolate group, the Company launched new products such as `Crackle, `Orange, `Strawberry Krisp, `Mello, and `Wildlife bar. In the foods drinks, the Cadbury India launched `Choc O Cheer. In 1988, the Chocolate division introduced some more new products to upper and lower ends of the market. In the food drinks area, a higher protein drink under the brand name `Enriche was successfully introduced. The Company diversified into ice-cream market and a product under the Brand name `Dollops. With effect from 18th July 1993, the Companys Ice Cream business comprising manufacturing arrangements with two well known brands Dollops Lopstop was transferred to Brooke Bond India Ltd. for a consideration of Rs 1062.65 lakhs and an assurance from the company to Brooke Bond that they would not make or sell Ice creams for a period of 8 years. In 1994, The Company undertook a modernization and rationalization programme at its Malanpur factory at a cost of Rs 40 crores. In 1995, Perk was launched from its Malanpur plant. Towards the end of1996, the Company has launched a new range of sugar confectionery, `Googly, a trangy, fizzy fruit flavored candy in Chennai under the brand name `Trebor. In 1997, Cadbury India Ltd has launched Truffle flavored soft centre moulded chocolate bar. The product was launched in Calcutta, Mumbai and New Delhi during October with subsequent launches planned in Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and other mini-metros in a phased-manner in November. In 1997, Cadbury India launched its well-known beverage Bournvita in sachets. In 1999, Cadbury India Ltd has launched a new product, `Nice Cream, under its sugar confectioner business. The sugar candy has been launched only in Mumbai. In 2000, Cadburys has introduced Perk Slims, a slimmer version of the wafe. The Company has re-launched Perk, its chocolate-coated wafer; it has four new layers covered in Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate. Cadbury India Ltd. has launched a range of gift packs for Diwali. The Company had entered into a Memorandum of understanding on July 5th, to sell its immovable property at Colaba, Mumbai. Cadbury Schweppes Plc acquires 39.34% stake in its Indian subsidiary Cadbury India Ltd. Cadbury Schweppes Pcl developed a new phenomenon allowing its consumers to define its brand profile. Cadbury India tapping unconventional marketing channels like non-retail chains to drive their market expansion. In 2002, Cadburys buy out of Pfizers confectionary brand is expected to set a strong base in the oral gratification category. In 2003, Cadbury has roped in advertising firm called Lemon to handle creative for its products temptation and milt treat. Cadbury India has dropped Carat India and roped in Madison Media for the media planning and buying. Cadbury India tied up with BPL Mobile for SMS vending services. Thus, we can see from above almost all the corporate -level as well as Business-Level Strategies are adopted by Cadbury India to expand as well as to avoid mishaps. Cadbury India Cadbury India has used different strategies at different situation. They have under gone mergers and acquisition, buyouts, demergers, tie-ups, etc. Current Strategic Situation Cadbury India is a fully owned subsidy of Kraft Foods Inc. The combination of Kraft Foods and Cadbury creates a global powerhouse in snacks, confectionery and quick meals. Cadbury India is currently the worlds No.1 confectionery and biscuit company. Cadbury India is the worlds second-largest food company with sales in approximately 160 countries. Currently, Cadbury India operates in four categories viz. Chocolate Confectionery, Milk Food Drinks, Candy and Gum category. In the Chocolate Confectionery business, Cadbury has maintained its undisputed leadership over the years. Some of the key brands in India are Cadbury Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Perk, Éclairs and Celebrations. In the Milk Food drinks segment Cadburys main product is Bournvitta the leading Malted Food Drink (MFD) in the country. Similarly, in the medicated candy category Halls is the undisputed leader. Recently, Cadbury entered the gums category with the launch of our worldwide dominant bubble gumbrandBubbaloo. Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, Cadbury have worked with the Kerala Agriculture University to undertake cocoa research and released clones, hybrids that improve the cocoa yield. Cadbury conduct farmers meetings seminars to educate them on Cocoa cultivation aspects. These efforts have increased cocoa productivity and touched the lives of thousands of farmers. The strategies, which Cadbury follows, include: Build a high performing organization Reframe our categories Exploit our sales capabilities Drive down costs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ without compromising quality Environmental activity of Cadbury: Cadbury India takes care of the environment and enriches the quality of lives of the communities through a variety of result-oriented programs. Cadbury aim to look after the health and safety of our people and minimize the environmental impact of our business around the world. Cadbury India is committed to growing community value around the world. For our employees, this is about making a difference in the community. Other successful strategies adapted by Cadbury to their brands include: The interactive campaign for Pappu Pass Ho Gaya bagged a Bronze Lion at the prestigious Cannes Advertising Festival 2006 for Best use of internet and new media. The idea involved a tie-up with Reliance India Mobile service, allowed students to check their exam results using their mobile service, and encouraged those who passed their examinations to celebrate with Cadbury Dairy Milk. Cadbury Bytes is targeted at teens, as they are the largest consuming segment of packaged snack category. They are also the gateway to the family, especially for a new sweet snack. Cadbury Bytes is positioned as the only sweet snack in the world of salty snacks. Cadbury introduced Cadbury Bournvitta Quiz Contest, which started airing on April 12th 1972, is Indias longest running national school quiz contest. It was really a good strategy to boost-up the sales. The task was to get the youth audience to adopt Cadbury Dairy Milk in the sweet eating or muh meetha karna moments The campaign of Jab Pappu Pass Ho jaye, Kuch Meetha Ho jaye captured the thought of celebrating a moment of delight with Dairy Milk A campaign was built around the idea of how pappu celebrated passing his exams with Dairy Milk A multi-media campaign was launched on TV, Internet, Radio and Outdoor The key was how do own the moment of pappu passing his exams in the media space An innovative tie -up with Reliance web world was executed, wherein students across 66 examination boards across the company could access their results on Reword through their Reliance mobiles. If they passed a message congratulating them on their moment of delight from Dairy Milk was displayed We can see that how Cadbury India has managed and implemented their strategies over a period of time. The company has undergone various strategies like digitalization, various innovation were made to improve their products. Apart from that, they have introduced various products with good features and promoted them with the latest mode of promotion activities. It has been seen that one of the most important strategy at corporate-level was to launch products with innovation and their market strategies like campaigning. It was the trend with Cadbury, which has seen in the past decade. Moreover, in the present situation the company has underwent a turnaround strategy. It has been acquired by another company in Feb 2010 by Kraft Food. At present, it is fully owned subsidiary of Kraft Food. The company has made efficient use of internal and external sources their internal and sources are: Internal Sources: Employees: Employee of Cadbury India were well dedicated to their work and based upon their work only the company has reached to maximum height. In the same way the company has also provided ways and means to satisfy their employees. Employee retrenchment was very low in Cadbury India. Information System: Cadbury has a very good information system adopted. Later, they introduced digitalisation. Finance: the products produced by the company were in great demand that it generated large sales to the company, which helped in increased revenue for the firm. Marketing: The Company adopted various marketing techniques for the promotion of its products like campaigning, conducting contests in schools etc. Operations: In 1994, the company introduced rationalization and modernisation programmes. External Sources: Economic : The economic environment of Cadbury India includes the economic conditions like growth of company in India. Cadbury has very efficiently utilized the economic advantages. Market: The products of Cadbury India have been very efficiently targeted based upon the feature of the product. Cadbury India focused almost all the age group International: Cadbury has their branches in almost most all the countries. They adopted various international strategies like business alliance, mergers etc. To have international access. Technology: More and more efforts were being made to have technological advancement in their products. More or less, they have succeeded in delivering quality products like Cadbury milk chocolate, Bournvitta Energy Drink etc. Social: Cadbury India has undertaken various Corporate Social Responsibility Programmes, which has helped the society. As a part of their social activity, the company has constructed check water dam to store water. Cadbury India is committed to growing community value around the world. Conclusion Thus, we can say that Cadbury India has undergone various Corporate and Business-Level strategies to boost up their activities in almost all the spheres, both internal and external. They have strived a lot to attain the best position in the world. They have attained this with the strategies, which they followed in timely basis. They adopted various measures to face the competition. At last, they could not stop the hostile acquisition from Kraft Food Corporation. It was then with mutual understanding and agreement were converted into a mutual takeover by Kraft Food Corporation. At present Cadbury India is a fully owned subsidiary of Kraft Food. Again, the company should think of various other strategies, learning from the past pitfalls made. They should adopt various other strategies both in Corporate -level as well as in Business-Level. They should try to develop their RD and should come up with new products with greater level of innovation. Consumers need value to the product. Thus, Cadbury India should strive to attain maximum value to their products with reasonable cost targeting almost the entire community as a whole. The company should develop more and more community welfare programmes to improvise community growth as well. They should undertake programmes to develop the nation of the world. Cadbury India should try to concentrate on their strengths to face the threats and should work on their weaknesses to capture the opportunities that are there in the external environment. For that the first steps is to have a SWOT analysis and move on as per the requirement. Strategic Direction for the future In 2006, Cadbury chocolate was linked to a salmonella outbreak, later paying a hefty fine over a leaking factory pipe that contaminated its products. The company suffered a loss of  £30 million. There product have been recalled. Cadbury was looking to re-jig its image and make some smart decisions to save money on resources. Green promises may not put to rest consumers fears of contaminated products. To face this situation, the company set certain targets that include: 50% reduction of net absolute carbon emissions by 2020 with a minimum of 30% from in-company actions. 10% reduction in packaging used per tonne of product and 25% in the more highly packaged seasonal and gifting items. Use more environmentally sustainable forms of packaging aim for 60% biodegradable, with 100% of secondary packaging being recyclable? All water scarce sites to have water reduction programmes in place. The Company worked on these targets efficiently, and to a certain extent, still Cadbury is the market leader in Chocolates and energy drinks like Bournvitta. The company has to go long way to handle this situation. Recently Kraft Food has acquired them. Even though they are the subsidiary of Kraft Food, they should try taking necessary steps to have necessary long-term strategies to improve their standard in the market and continue their leadership in the market. They should try to learn from their past, the mistake or the mishaps, which occurred to them and destroyed their reputation in the market. The first think, which the company should do, is to have a SWOT analysis. Strengths of Cadbury India Global Coverage: the company has maintained a global level in its operations and have a good market share. Quality Products: The company offers quality products to the consumers which is a strength to the company Personnels: The Company is having well Hard-Woking staffs with them who are indulged in their work with full enthusiasm. Information technology: The Company has adopted digitalisation, which will help in networking processes. This can be utilised as strength by the company to improvise their market entry in a new market. Innovations: The Company has made innovations in their products as well as their process to face competition. They have adopted rationalisation and modernisation in their operations. Value to customers: The Company is providing value to customers by various ways and means. Cadbury is providing various well-accepted brands. Cadbury Chocolate: Cadbury is blessed with the brand Cadbury Chocolate. Still it is the best choice among the customers. Cadbury Bournvitta: In beverage section, Cadbury is blessed with Cadbury Bournvitta, a energy during mostly liked by kids and moms. Weaknesses of Cadbury India Past out break of contamination: Cadbury has gone through an out break of contamination in their products. It caused a bad reputation among the consumers. Incurred loss: The Company has incurred loss and lost its stability for the past three years from 2007. Opportunities to Cadbury India Cadbury India can enter new markets with the help of proper market research With the available technology, Cadbury can bring up with new version of the existing products and can grab the opportunities in the market. Cadbury can adopt various innovations in the products like adding extra flavour etc. The company can come up with new product-line Threats to Cadbury India Competition is the mostly affected threat to Cadbury. Competitors like Nestle are also the largest manufacturers of confectionery items. So, Cadbury has to take appropriate steps to face the competitive situation Consumers dislike with regard to the past out break issues may become a threat in future. These are the major developmental strategies, which have been adopted by Cadbury India to meet the target for 2011. 3D forming chocolate increased investment we have made in innovation, marketing and sales Thermostatic food grade packaging Methods for producing microscopic aeration in candy to provide new textures and mouth feel. Healthy additions to hard candy Alternative ingredients to menthol Cadbury India has grabbed opportunies in the market by these ways. Apart from these innovative strategies, Cadbury India has to undergo various other international strategies to increase the market share. Following are the likely ways by which Cadbury can increase there market share: The company should analysis the competitors strategies, their capabilities and future goals. By analysing this, Cadbury will be able to re-think of their strategies, their future goals and the capabilities they posses. This will help them to re-frame their strategies, goals with the capabilities they have, if need. Cadbury India can have niche strategies. They can concentrate on one particular brand and create niche market with proper innovation and product improvement. They can have integrative Cost leadership and differentiation strategies. It is possible through providing the product at low cost with the help of technologies that enable differentiation through focus on niche segment. Cadbury can adopt focus strategy by identifying a narrow target in terms of markets and customers. The company can have restructuring strategies in certain areas where they feel are weak. Cadbury India should identify an area where the company is incurring loss. After identifying that particular area or brand, they can adopt divesting strategy to stop completely the area which is causing loss to the company The company should analyse the internal environment prevailing in the organisation and should find out the loopholes. After identifying the correct problem, proper rehabilitation should be made. If the company finds that every thing is fine in the organisation and the organisation is ready to go forward with the existing products and plan, then the organisation should adopt No-change strategy. The company can have tie-ups with companies who can provide better expertise in all respect. Cadbury as what they have done in the past can have business alliance with other companies to boost up the profits. By have strategic alliances Cadbury can enter new markets, reduce their manufacturing costs, develop new technologies and diffuse them. Cadbury can have Joint ventures to gain access to new business in order to have advantage like, shared risks, combined expertise and effective utilisation of resources available with in the joint venture. They can reduce the hurdles like import quotas, tariffs, nationalistic-political interests and cultural roadblocks. Cadbury can either acquire a company, which is in the same line of production to have the advantage of efficient production of products with the available expertise of both the companies, and innovative ideas and improved processes or the company can merge with another company and start a new business having the same products with innovations. In the first case, the company need to have investment and in the second case, the company need not to invest more. Conclusion A company can expand their business in corporate level as well as in business level by many ways. The company has to choose the best among the available strategies based on the resources they have and what is their actual need. They have clearly identify what is their need and how are they going to achieve those need keeping in mind the internal and external environment.